The introduction of cowpea gives an opportunity to use the crop for agricultural production, for fodder production and for the introduction of the new and useful food product. Nowadays there is definite information on the biology, agromachinery and use of cowpea that promoted developing the basis for cowpea breeding. The variety samples of asparagus beans showed a significant interaction of ‘genotype-environment’ of the studied traits excluding the duration of the interphase period ‘sprouts-flowering’, plant length and bean length. The plant length varied from 43.3 to 103.3 сm, the height of lower inflorescence attachment varied from 19 to 34 cm, the number of beans varied from 4.7 to 17.7 p., the length of a bean varied from 22.3 to 66.3 cm, 1000-kernel weight varied from 79.0 to 136.5 g, productivity of seeds varied from 120.3 to 673.5 kg/ha. The average content of protein in cowpea kernels varied from 24.2 to 27.5%, the content of oil varied from 1.1 to 1.8%, the content of ash varied from 3.9 to 6.8%, the content of cellulose varied from 3.8 to 7.7%, the content of NFES (nitrogen-free extractive substances) varied from 60.7 to 65.4%. The content of protein in green beans varied from 17.7 to 23.1%, the content of oil varied from 1.7 to 3.6%, the content of ash varied from 5.1 to 6.8%, the content of cellulose varied from 11.8 to 20.3%, the content of NFES (nitrogen-free extractive substances) varied from 49.7 to 59.7%. The content of albumens varied from 13.1 to 18.2%, the content of globulins varied from 2.4 to 3.7%, the content of prolamins varied from 0.19 to 0.74%, the content of glutelins varied from 3.8 to 6.56%. The content of albumens in new green beans varied from 4.6 to 9.6%, the content of globulins varied from 0.9 to 2.1%, the content of prolamins varied from 0.1 to 1.3%, the content of glutelins varied from 0.9 to 3.3%.

The use of the new types of CMS in the breeding of the heterosis sorghum hybrids needs the study of their effects on the biologic and economic-valuable traits of the plants. During the years of 2010, 2012 and 2013 there were studied the indicators of the photosynthetic potential (PsP) and the net photosynthetic productivity (NPsP) of the grain sorghum hybrids F1 , obtained from two sets of the nuclear CMS-lines with different types of the sterile cytoplasm А3, А4, 9Е (with the genome of the sorghum line ‘Zheltozernoe10’) and М35-1А and 9Е (with the genome of the sorghum line ‘Pishchevoe614’). The grain sorghum varieties ‘Merkuriy’ and ‘Pishchevoe35’ have been used as the pollinators. The indicators of PsP and NPsP have been estimated on the stages ‘sprouts – tillering’, ‘tillering – heading stage’, ‘heading stage – maturity’. It has been determined that the type of the sterile cytoplasm influences upon the PsP and NPsP values of the hybrid F1 . The display of the cytoplasmic differences depends on the environmental conditions and the genotype of the pollinator. On average the hybrids with ‘Merkuriy’ showed significant effects of the type of cytoplasm during all stages of ontogenesis, but the hybrids with ‘Pishchevoe35’ showed the effects only on the stage ‘tillering – heading stage’. The cytoplasm A3 reduced the PsP value of the hybrids, the cytoplasm 9E increased the PsP and NPsP values, especially in the hot and dry environmental conditions. The cytoplasm М35-1А also reduced the PsP value, but significant differences during three years were seen not on all stages of ontogenesis. The obtained data should be taken into account in the programs of the breeding of the heterosis sorghum hybrids.

The article presents the study results of the collection ofSudangrass on green chop and dry matter productivity. The purpose of the study is a clustering and determining of the samples ofSudangrass varieties according to the main economic traits for the further use in the selection on heterosis. To optimize the breeding process there has been used a clustering analysis which allows grouping a large amount of variety samples into several groups (classes) with differ in some parameters. The samples ofSudangrass varieties have been grown in the trials of FSBSI RusRIA “Rossorgo” in the years of 2015-2015. The area of the plot was7.7 m2. It was a three crop rotation sequence. The density of plant stand was 1.0 ml/ha. The study showed that the middle maturing samples form the best productivity of green chop and dry matter. During two cuttings the samples ‘Allegoriya’, ‘Anastasiya’ and ‘Aleksandrina’ gave 59.2-63.0 t/ha and 8.8-15.07 t/ha of green chop and dry matter respectively. The variance analysis (unorganized sequences) confirms the correctness of the sample distribution in clusters. According to all studied traits the differences of clusters are credible, excluding the trait ‘general tillering’. The use of various methods of the statistics gave the opportunity to group the samples of Sudangrass varieties into 8 clusters according to their main economically valuable traits. The largest number of differences (45) has been determined for the cluster 7. The least number has been found in the clusters 1 and 4. The variety samples of the first and second cuttings have been determined as the samples with the best productivity of green chop and dry matter.

The article deals with the assessment results of the quality and productivity of winter soft wheat grain during the period of 2013-2015. The aggregation ability of endosperm protein due to the disulfide bonds (-S-S-) in flour ranged from 37+1.31 (2013) to 55.28+1.3 (2014) and 73.50+1.06 (2015). Respectively, the value of dough kneading was 3.53+0.13; 4.66+0.12 and 4.70+0.15 points (the device ‘Mikrolab’), which indicated about more favorable environmental conditions for the formation of the trait in 2014 and2015, in comparison with 2013. It has been determined that the largest differentiation among the samples according to the aggregation ability of protein complex and correlation of the trait with the value of dough kneading was noticed in2013. In the years contributing to higher levels of the peptides aggregation, the impact of the environment, which eliminates the hereditary differences in quality, significantly increases. The carriers of rye chromosome translocations 1RS.1BL and 1RS.1AL, in comparison with the typical wheat, possessed less aggregation of proteins, but in the years of 2013 and 2014 they significantly stood out in the productivity in the conditions of theBelgorod region.

In the favorable and dry conditions of the Voronezh region three new three-way cross hybrids (one hybrid with a mother form ‘Rubin S’ and two best hybrids with ‘Rodnik S’ significantly exceeded the standard and all single-cross modified hybrids. At the same time, the single-cross modified hybrids, selected on the mother forms ‘Agat M’ and ‘Ashan M’ exceeded the same three- way cross hybrids in grain productivity. The productivity of the best three-way cross hybrid ‘Rodnik S’ х В 51 was 6.80 t/ha, but the single-cross modified hybrids ‘Agat M’ х В 51 and ‘Ashan M’ х В 51 produced 7.20 and 7.16 t/ha of dry grain respectively. But, the single-cross and single- cross modified hybrids significantly gave in to the three-way cross hybrid in grain productivity on 12-57% in the favorable conditions and on 16-73% in the conditions of moisture deficit. The high cost of seeds of the single-cross hybrids (67.6 – 167.5 th rub/t) and the single-cross modified hybrids, selected with the help of sister hybridizations (51.7 – 96.4 th rub/t) and grown during frequent droughts, does not allow receiving a profit in the dry conditions and requires the use of irrigated lands for the seed-growing in the Voronezh region. The best variant is to implement the single-cross modified hybrids, selected on the single-cross hybrids, for example ‘Agat M’. Such hybrids successfully combine high productivity (6.78 – 7.20 t/ha) and rather efficient seed-growing, which give the opportunity to obtain the profit at the cost of 60-70.000 rubles per ton of seeds.

The present growth stimulators and micro fertilizers (chelating agents) are an efficient method to create favorable conditions for the growth and development of winter wheat. Their use is of good effect on the growth and development of winter wheat till its maturity. The most increase of productivity (0.34 t/ha) has been obtained in the variants with the use of micro fertilizer ‘Nutrivant Universalny’ together with an anti-stress stimulator ‘Aminokat’ during the tillering period, while the processing of seeds with ‘Raykat Start’ together with the disinfection; in the variants with the use of the nutritional system ‘Raykat Razvitie’+’Raykat Final’ and ‘Mikrokat Start’+’Mikrokat Final’ with 0.39 and 0.36 t/ha of productivity respectively. The variety ‘Yuka’ produced the largest increase of productivity (0.96 and 0.89 t/ha) in the variants with the use of ‘Aminokat’ and ‘Nutrivant Universalny’ together with ‘Aminokat’ during the tillering period while processing of seeds with ‘Raykat Start’ together with the disinfection. It has been determined that to increase the productivity and kernel quality of winter soft wheat variety ‘Grom’ it’s recommended to process the plants with ‘Nutrivant Universalny’ together with ‘Aminokat’ during the tillering period while processing of seeds with ‘Raykat Start’ together with the disinfection or to use the nutritional system ‘Raykat Razvitie’ in the period of tillering + ’Raykat Final’ in the period of wax maturing. For the variety ‘Yuka’ it’s recommended to process the plants with ‘Nutrivant Universalny’ together with ‘Aminokat’ during the tillering period or to use to use the nutritional system ‘Mikrokat Start’ in the period of tillering + Mikrokat’ in the period of wax maturing.

The present work deals with the study of the SSR-markers informativeness, associated with the locus of resistance to flooding Sub1A, to introduce this locus into the genotypes of highly productive varieties of domestic breeding. The SSR-analysis of the rice samples according to 7 micro satellite markers (RM 219, RM 316, RM 444, RM 464, RM 7481, RM 8303, RM 23877) showed that the marker RM 7481 gave the special and well-produced ranges, and was informative for the identification of the locus Sub1A. The hybridization among the donors of the locus of resistance to flooding BR-11, Inbara-3, CR-1009, TDK-1 and the early maturing Russian variety ‘Novator’ has been carried out to estimate the relationship of the inheritance of RM 7481 marker and the trait of resistance to flooding. The DNA-analysis of the hybrid F2 revealed the samples with the different allele variants of the locus Sub1A, the part of them has been found homozygous. The assessment of the resistance to water stress of rice hybrids and their parental forms in 21-day germination and the data of the molecule-genetic analysis showed that the increased water level significantly reduced this index of the variety ‘Navator’ and of the hybrids which did not inherit the locus of resistance. The lines-donors of the resistance and hybrid plants, which possess the locus Sub1A in homozygous and heterozygous states turned to be the most resistant forms according to the survival index. Thus, the study of SSR-markers connected with the locus of resistance Sub1A showed the high informativeness of co-dominant marker RM 7481 for the marker-associated breeding of the rice forms resistant to total flooding.

During the research, carried out with the various materials in the various conditions we have obtained the contradictory data on the genetic control of the height of the maize ear placement. For the study of the self-pollinated lines of maize we have used the diallele analysis with the parent forms and hybrids of various generations and the scale tests with the study of splitting hybrid progeny. The article considers the genetic analysis of some hybrids due to the height of ear placement with the use of the self-pollinated lines of maize (V47, IKV18, V27, Кd12L53, V72, В29, V117, ИС134, RSK218, RSK3, SM7) and the hybrid progeny of various generations (F1, F2, F3, B1, B2) where a unified test Cavalli was used for the estimation of the conformity of the additive-dominant model. We established the contribution of non-allele correlations in the development of the trait and applied the appropriate labels (m, d, h, i, j, l). The true heterosis in the height of ear placement has been found in the maize hybrid F1 (up to 98,7%). Thus, it has been determined that the parameter [i] (additive/additive) largely contributes into the interaction of epistatic type in the hybrids Кd12L53/V47; the parameter [j] (additive/dominant) contributes a lot in the combinations RSK3/V47, V27/V47, RSK218/RSK3 and SM7/V117. In the hybrid combinations V29/V47, V117/V47, IS134/V47, SM7/RSK3 the parameters [i], [j] and [l] are not significant, i.e. there has not been revealed any non-allele interaction of genes.

The article presents the experimental traits and biologic and technologic characteristics of the new grain pea variety ‘Aliyans’. During the competitive variety testing in the years of 2006-2010, the productivity of the variety varied from 12.8 to 32.5 htw/ha, that is on 2.0-8.5 htw/ha higher than that of the standard variety ‘Aksaysky Usaty5’. ‘Aliyans’ exceeded the content of protein in kernels of the standard variety on 0.3%; it had a 2 days shorter period of vegetation and equal parameters of tolerance to diseases. The combination of high productivity and drought tolerance gave the variety ‘Aliyans’ a great dominance among the standard varieties during the driest 2013 year in the Central-Chernozem, North-Caucasus and Middle-Volzhsky regions of Russia. In the same year the variety ‘Aliyans’ along with the new Don varieties ‘Ataman’ and ‘Kadet’ formed the yield on 1.2-2.2 higher than the yields of other varieties at Shatilov agricultural experimental station. The variety ‘Aliyans’ was introduced in the State Register (List) of breeding achievements, approved to use in2015 inthe 5-th, 6-th and 7-th regions of RF.

The article considers the assessment results of winter triticale on the length of vegetation period on the experimental plots of the Tambov Research Institute of Agriculture in the soil- climatic conditions of the North-East of the Central Black Earth Zone (Chernozemie). During the five years of study (2009-2013) the length of the vegetation period was 307 days on average. According to the trait all variety samples were divided into the groups of maturity: early maturing (ripening), middle maturing and later maturing. The variety samples grown in theWest Europeand in the Near-abroad countries (former Soviet republics) have been presented in the collection by the early maturing varieties with the vegetation period of 305 days. The most varieties of winter triticale, developed inRussia, belong to the middle maturing and later maturing groups with the vegetation period of 307 days. The samples from Dagestan andBashkiriawere later maturing with the vegetation period of 310 days. There have been selected 34 early maturing varieties of winter triticale with the vegetation period of 302-304 days, among which there were 17 very early maturing varieties. They have been analyzed according to the heading stage. In the years with different climatic conditions these varieties came into their heading stage a bit earlier (the third decade of May) than the standard and other varieties of the collection, that confirmed their early maturation. We suggest to use the varieties ‘Bogo’, ‘Presto’, ‘RAH121/94’, ‘Pinokio’, ‘Tornado’ from Poland; ‘Maara’, ‘Modul’, ‘Sokol’ form Buelorus; ‘Suvenir’ form Ukraine; ‘Sargau’, ‘Kentavr’, ‘Vodoley’, ‘Legion’, ‘Zimogor’, ‘Bard’, ‘Vokaliz’, ‘Razgar’ form Russia with the vegetation period of 302-303 days and the heading stage in the third decade of May as the efficient sources for the development of early maturing varieties of winter triticale in the conditions of the North-East of the Central Black Earth Zone (Chernozemie).

The modern technologies of any crop growing, including barley, include seed disinfection with the fungicides as an obligatory agro method, because the sowing properties of the seeds greatly affect on the formation of large and stable yields. The use of the growth stimulator is substantiated with a large range of their effect on the plants, a possibility to regulate some stages of development to increase the yield of the product. The article considers the results of the trials and the effect of the disinfectant ‘Vintsit Forte’ and the mixture of the disinfectant with the growth stimulators ‘Fertigrein Start’ and ‘Fundazol’ on the productivity and seed quality of the heat and dry tolerant varieties of spring barley ‘Leon’ and ‘Shchedry’. The use of the mixture of the fungicide ‘Vintsit Forte’ and the growth stimulator positively influences on the formation of such structural element of the yield, as a productive tillering. The largest increase of spring barley productivity has been obtained in the variants of the mixture of the disinfectant ‘Vintsit Forte’ and the growth stimulator ‘Fertigrein Start’. The variety ‘Leon’ gave the productivity increase of 1.4 t/ha (41.2%) in comparison with the control; the vaiety ‘Shchedry’ – 2.3 t/ha(62.1%). In the variants of separate treatment with ‘Vintsit Forte’, ‘Fertigrein Start’ and ‘Fundazol’ the productivity slightly increased. The largest indexes of all qualitative traits (length of head, number of kernels per head, weight of kernels per head, 1000-kernel weight) have been received due to the seed treatment with ‘Vintsit Forte’+‘Fertigrein Start’. The article has considered an economic efficiency of pre- sowing treatment of seeds. The largest profitability of the varieties ‘Shchedry’ (197.6%) and ‘Leon’ (138.1%) has been obtained after the seed treatment with the mixture of the disinfectant and the growth stimulator.

The article has presented the tree-year study results of technological and breadmaking properties of the zoned and promising varieties of winter soft wheat of intensive type. The study of winter soft wheat varieties in the conditions of the southern part of the Rostov region allowed finding the differences in the most essential indexes of kernel quality and technological properties. The study results showed the dependence of kernel and flour quality according to the year of growing and the variety. According to the study, the indexes of weigh fraction of protein in the varieties ‘Ermak’ (14.0%), ‘Rostovchanka 7’ (14.3%), ‘Shef’ (14.5%), ‘Etyud’ (14.5%), ‘Kipchak’ (14.6%), ‘Aksiniya’ (14.7%), ‘Luchezar’ (14.8%) and ‘Nakhodka’ (15.0%) corresponded to the indexes of strong wheat. The weigh fraction of gluten in the varieties ‘Shef’ (28.5%), ‘Aksiniya’ (28.2%) and ‘Nakhodka’ (28.0%) corresponded to the indexes of strong wheat. The main set of varieties has been characterized with the first group of gluten quality. According to the trait ‘dough deformation’, the varieties ‘Nakhodka’ (293е.а.), ‘Aksiniya’ (292е.а.) and ‘Kipchak’ (282е.а.) corresponded to the group of strong wheat. The conducted study showed that the main set of the varieties corresponded to the trait ‘coefficient of correlation of dough resilience to dough extensibility’, characteristic to the group of strong wheat. The varieties ‘Aksiniya’ (727 cm³; 4.7p.), ‘Nakhodka’ (667 cm³; 4.2p.), ‘Bonus’ (637 cm³; 4.0p.) and ‘Kazachka’ (627 cm³; 4.0p.) showed the best indexes of the yield of bread and the general baking. The varieties ‘Aksiniya’, ‘Nakhodka’, ‘Bonus’, ‘Kazachka’, ‘Kipchak’ and ‘Luchezar’ showed the best indexes of grain and flour quality. Nowadays FSBSI ARRIGC named after I.G. Kalinenko developed and introduced into the production the highly adaptive varieties of winter soft wheat of intensive type which could produce grain of high quality in different climatic conditions and it allowed assigning these genotypes to the group of strong and valuable wheat varieties with the best technological and breadmaking properties.

The article has presented the study results of grain quality of 14 spring soft wheat varieties as a variety change of the crop in the Ulyanovsk region. It has been shown that during the 60-year period the productivity increased on 1.02 t/ha due to zonation of the variety ‘Lyutestcens62’ and it had been increasing on 0.22 t/ha at each new stage of the variety change. In contrast to the productivity, the change of the grain qualitative indexes has a different tendency. It has been noted the increase of all physical indexes of grain quality, first of all 1000-kernel weight, which increased on 0.9 g as a result of breeding. The results of the correlation analysis showed that 1000-kernel weight has got a positive correlation with the kernels productivity (r=0.69**), uniformity (r=0.70**) and volume of bread (r=0.50). The content of protein and gluten tends to decrease. The difference in the content of protein among the varieties of the first and the sixth stages was 1.3%; the difference in the content of gluten was 3.3%. During the stages of the variety change the content of protein decreased on 0.25%, gluten on 0.27% without improvement of its quality. With the increase of the potential of new variety productivity the gross yield of protein and gluten per unit of square increases. The correlation analysis established a significant negative connection of the content of protein with productivity (r=-0.76*) and 1000-kernel weight (r=-0.55***). Due to the variety changes there is an improvement of volume of bread and general baking valuation. Among the varieties of different periods of the variety change, there have been found the varieties with high biochemical and baking traits.

The article deals with the data of several agrophysical and agrochemical properties of the dark brown (chestnut) soil of the southern arable part of the Rostov region. These properties do not only characterize soil fertility, but also promote the growth and development of the plants, influence on their productivity. The awareness of the soil properties in the agrocenosis allows not only estimating its condition but applying the technologies of its improvement. The article considers the analysis of each 0-10 cm soil layer to the one meter depth that gives a clear understanding about the changes of the indexes in the depth. There have been determined the indexes of grain-size and aggregated composition of soil, density of soil, content and reserves of humus, pH and solid residue.

The article considers the results of three-year trials carried out on the experimental plots of All-Russian Research Institute of Meliorated Lands (ARRIML). On the plots located on the drained sod-podzolic soils of various mechanic composition, there was studied the features of formation of the indexes of photosynthetic ability of spring wheat in the various agrolandscape conditions. The article presents the dependence of the indexes of water-air regime of the arable soil layer, assimilative activity of spring wheat sowings, the value of its productivity due to the studied factors. The best conditions of the moisture supply of the arable soil layer have been created on the medium loamy gley soils of the northern slope in contradiction to the slightly loamy gley soils of the flat top and the sand-loamy weak gley soils of the southern slope. The increase of the amount of the fertilizers for the spring wheat in all agromicrolandscapes gave positive effect on the formation of suitable surface. The use of the combination of 12 t/ha of multi-purpose compost and N₆₀ Р₆₀ К₆₀ turned to be the most efficient on the slopes. Not only the leaf area, but also the total photosynthetic capacity of spring wheat sowings increased due to the increasing of fertilizing, especially on the slopes. According to the experimental results, the use of 2.89 t/ha of multi-purpose compost on the medium loamy gley soils of the northern slope, 2.32 t/ha of multi-purpose compost on the slightly loamy gley soils of the flat top and 2.59 t/ha of multi-purpose compost with N₆₀ Р₆₀ К₆₀on the sand-loamy weak gley soils of the southern slope produced the best yields of spring wheat. It’s necessary to mention that in the variants of high level of fertilizing on the northern slope and on the flat top there has been a lodging of plants that reduced the productivity.

The article gives the analysis of experimental date, obtained in the trials of ARRI of maize in the sufficiently moisturized region of Stavropol Kray in the years of 2005-2015. The object of study was the middle early maize hybrid ‘Mashuk 250SV’. During the plot-trials we studied the effect of the elements of cultivation technology (tillage, sowing term, density of stand, fertilizing, herbicides) on the productivity of hybrid grain. It has been established that the molding plowing on the depth of 22-25 cm in the autumn supplies the higher yield of grain, than the surface tillage (disc plowing) on 10-12 cm. The grain productivity reduced on 7.3% when the technology of plowing was changed from the moldboard treatment into the surface one. The pre-sowing fertilizing with N₃₀ P₃₀ K₃₀ was the most efficient after the moldboard plowing than after the disc plowing. The grain productivity on the fertilized soil plowed with a moldboard was higher on 9.2% than on the soil plowed with a disc. The pre- sowing nitrogen fertilizing of N₆₀ increased the grain productivity on 0.42t/ha. You can sow the hybrid in the period of 15-30 April, but the sowings in the middle of April give the greatest yield of grain. It has been determined that the best density of plant stand is 70.000 pieces per ha. To protect the yields from the weeds you can use the following postemergence herbicides: ‘MayesTer (0.15kg/ha), the grain productivity increase was 32.1%; ‘TitusPlus’ (0.35kg/ha), the grain productivity increase was 38.8%; ‘Kassius’ (0.04kg/ha) with Aminopelik’ (0.6 l/ha), the grain productivity increase was 33.8%.

In the conditions of the trial we studied the effect of nitrogen nutrition and seeding rate on the formation of density of plant stand and productivity of new rice varieties. It has been determined that according to the varieties and nutrient status the increase of the seeding rate from 5 to 7 ml of germinating kernels per hectare results in the improvement of density of plant stand on 39.7%. The further increase of the seeding rate from 7 to 9 ml of germinating kernels per hectare results in the improvement of density of plant stand only on 22.7%. With the increase of the seeding rate the varieties ‘Patriot’ and ‘Istok’ produced the largest increase of the density of plant stand on the average (N₉₂ P₅₀ ) and higher (N₁₃₈ P₅₀ ) nutrient statuses, the variety ‘Istok’ gave the largest increase on the highest status (N₁₇4 P₅₀ ). With this regard, the varieties ‘Kazachok-4’, ‘Orion’ and ‘Patriot’ possess the better rates of growth. The increase of nitrogen dose from 92 to 138 kg/ha gave a maximum increase of productivity to the variety ‘Natasha’ (on 17.3%) and the increase of nitrogen dose from 138 to 174 kg/ha gave a maximum increase of productivity to the variety ‘Dozhdik’ (on 15.1%), while the productivity increase of the varieties on average was 4.2 and 10.0% respectively. The varieties ‘Dozhdik’, ‘Orion’ and ‘Patriot’ have been found responsive to the increase of seeding rate; the varieties ‘Natasha’, ‘Dozhdik’, ‘Orion’ and ‘Kazachok-4’ have been found responsive to a high level of nitrogen nutrition. The varieties ‘Istok’ and ‘Partner’ produce the largest yields on the average nutrient status, the variety ‘Orion’ gives the best productivity on the higher and high statuses.

The introduction of green manure crops is one of the important methods to compensate the losses of organic matter in the soil. During the last years the amounts of fertilizing of the organic matter and minerals significantly reduced, that increased the deterioration of soil fertility. The use of mineral fertilizers results in soil compaction; it does not keep moisture and becomes a bit swamp after rains. Due to it, the content of humus reduces in the soil and it worsens its agrotechnological and biological properties. D.N. Pryanishnikov (1945) wrote: “In the places where there is a great need of organic matter to improve the soils, but there is a lack of manure due to this or that reason, green manure is of great importance. Green manure as one of the fertilizer will become a powerful method to increase the yields and soil fertility”. Green manure crops are the plants which increase soil fertility and their use is a part of the system of organic agriculture. Green manure plowdown allows making soil rich with organic matter and promotes its ripping. It’s important that it allows reducing the costs of soil treatment due to the active ripping of the surface and subsurface soils with the biological technology by the root systems of green manure. It should be noted that the green manure can’t be considered only as the source of nitrogen fertilizer or an organic matter; it gives a complex effect on soil fertility. Green manure crops contribute to the improvement of physical and chemical properties of soil, they prevent leaching and weathering of nutrients, they suppress the weeds that will ultimately contribute to the soil fertility and increase of crop productivity.

There have been studied the possibilities to increase genetically substantiated productivity of winter wheat in the system of integrated protection of plants. We combined the chemical seed dressing and treatment of vegetated plants with the domestic ecologically friendly remedies of polyfunctional type of action. Immunotsitofit has been used as a biologically active substance, Extrasol (microbiological fertilizer) has been used as a biological substance and a low-intensity laser radiation (λ=650 нм) has been used as a physical method. In the trials we have used the winter wheat sown after the dangerous forecrop (wheat) and after the alfalfa. The plants were infected with the cercosporella (pathogenic organism Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides Fron.) and/or the rhizoctonia (pathogenic organism Rhizoctonia cerealis E.P.Hoeven) root rots and pyrenophorosis (yellow spots) (pathogenic organism Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechsl.) and other leaf diseases. The results of the trials have been considered where the root rots exceeded the economically acceptable limit of harmfulness, and leaf diseases did not reach the limit and vice versa. It has been determined that the plant treatment with the remedied in two stages (‘the end of the tillering’ or ‘the stem extension stage’ and ‘the earing phase’ resulted in higher potential productivity of winter wheat (in comparison with the control and standard (chemical protection)) and improvement of grain quality. As the considered remedies are ecologically friendly, the pesticide burden on agrocenosis decreases and the harvested products are safe for human and animal health.

Wheat brown rust called the fungus PucciniatriticinaRob. exDesm. f.sp. triticiErikss. etHenn. is the main disease of the varieties of winter soft wheat (TriticumaestivumL.), grown in the south of Russia. The purpose of the study was to give the characteristics of the resistance to brown rust of 12 varieties of winter soft wheat during the period of the sprouting. During the study we compared the types of damage (TD) of the varieties with brown rust on 16 isolators with the TD manifestation on the standard set of close isogenic lines Tatcher. The resistant genes Lr: 1+, 2a, 3ka, 15, 16, 23, 33, 34 have been postulated in 8 varieties during the period of the sprouting. The gene Lr34 has been found the most common among all. All mentioned genes, excluding Lr23 have been found inefficient to brown rust for adult plants in the south of Russia. The resistance of the adult varieties and lines to brown rust has been estimated in the field trials of All-Russian Research Institute of Biological Protection of Plants in 2014.

The article deals with the opportunities and results of the study of winter wheat cultivation with the different technologies in the conditions of insufficient and unstable humidity of the south of Russia. The experiments have been carried out in the conditions of stationary trials in the four crop rotation sequences with different variants of tillage (moldboard, subsoil), including the variants without plowing. The calculation of economic efficiency includes the definition of the labor costs per 1 ha of sowing and per 1 hwt of products, a relative amount of investments, fuel consumption, maintenance costs and the prime cost of production, etc. The use of the zero tillage (no-till farming) to the production of winter wheat provides the labor cost of 7213.6 p-p; maintenance costs of 5934.9 th rub; fuel consumption of 36.1 t per 1000 ha that is 11-21, 66-87 and 97-142% less (respectively) in comparison with the other mentioned technologies of winter wheat production. The analysis of the system of costs shows that they are practically similar for all mentioned technologies in the periods of crop tending and harvesting. The main difference in the fuel consumption, labor costs and investments are substantiated by the amount of work in the main tillage. More than a half of all maintenance costs are the expenditures on the renovation (remodeling), which underlines the high cost of the applied technological means and their low reliability (short period of amortization and large costs of maintenance). The prime cost of winter wheat production with the zero tillage is 212.8 rub/hwt, that is on 31-38% lower in comparison with other cultivation technologies. The cost of plant protection with the zero tillage is more than threefold higher in comparison with other cultivation technologies.