The article considers the results of 10-year research of the optimization of the fertilizing system of winter and spring crops in the crop rotations on the sod-podzolic soils of the Central Nechernozemie in Russia. It has been shown that it is necessary to produce and support a high level of movable phosphorus and potassium on the background of a weakly acidic or almost neutral response of soil solution to obtain grain productivity of the present varieties of winter wheat, rye and barley (selected in the Moscow RIA “Nemchinovka”) in the amount of 6-8 t/ha, 5-6 t/ha and 4 t/ha respectively in the arable (0-30 sm) soil layer at the beginning of vegetation period in spring. At the same time availability of nitrogen in the soil layer (0-60sm) should not be less than 65-80% in comparison with its availability in the future yield. When calculating the nitrogen dose for the early spring fertilizing of winter wheat and spring crops it is necessary not only to be aware and take into account the actual and optimal availability of the element in the soil and plants at the beginning of the vegetation period, but also to use the effect of the amounts of nitrogen consumption, determined during the study, on the shift of amount of N-NO3 in the layer and the content of Nt per plant.

The article gives the experimental results of response of the new soft winter wheat varieties on cultivation under different soil-climatic conditions of Ukraine. It has been established that productivity and its stability significantly depends on the placing of the varieties in the proper agro ecologic conditions of soil-climatic zones, subzones and microzones, including the favourable and unfavourable years. The new varieties reveal specific response to agro ecologic conditions of macroand microzones. To realize their productive potential it is expedient to apply a differentiated approach to the placing of the varieties in the agro ecologic zones, subzones and microzones according to the requirements of the biologic traits of the varieties, their adaptive ability and the conditions of ecologic environment of the zones. The mutually complementary varieties with high adaptability, better response to the favourable agro ecologic conditions, more tolerant and resistant to the unfavourable conditions have been revealed and recommended for the use in the soil-climatic zones, subzones and microzones. According to the parameters of productivity and ecologic adaptability, the varieties ‘Sotnitsa’, ‘Kalanch’, ‘Gurt’, ‘Tonatsiya’, ‘Dobrochin’, ‘Gubernator Dona’ should be grown in the Steppe zone; the varieties ‘Sotnitsa’, ‘Oriyka’, ‘Lira Odesskaya’, ‘Tatsius’, ‘Fidelius’ should be grown in the forestry steppe zone; the varieties ‘Tatsius’, ‘Fidelius’, ‘Seylor’, ‘Etela’ should be grown in the marshy woodlands zones. The other varieties showed better characteristics in the other subzones and microzones. To determine and select the mutually complementary varieties, which can more efficiently realize their agro ecologic and genetic potentials with the different resource and technical supply, it’s necessary to study the peculiarities of the variety response on the agro ecologic conditions in the soil-climatic macroand microzones using the scientifically substantiated methods.

Among the agricultural crops grain sorghum takes the most important part in the solution of the grain forage problem. It’s theoretically and practically important to find new initial material for its breeding. Thus, the study of the world collection of sorghum as the main gene pool of economic-valuable traits, the search of the most promising samples and their introduction into the breeding process will accelerate the solution of the problem. The article gives the results of the researches and the assessment of the collection material of grain sorghum according to the following traits: the duration of the vegetation period, plant height, length and width of the panicle, number of kernels per panicle, kernel weight per panicle, 1000-kernel weight and grain productivity. During the three years of study in the collection trails the forms with large panicles were selected. During the study of the collection of large size of kernels, the trait ‘1000-kernel weight’ varied from 13.6 to 52.8g. 19 samples which formed the kernels of the largest size have been selected, three of which had the weight of 1000 kernels of more than 40g. There have also been considered the early maturing forms with low height. The article presents 12 collection samples with high content of kernels, among which the varieties ‘Mestnoe (к-2736)’, ‘Sorgo prosovoe’, ‘Kafrskoe beloe’, ‘Krupnozernoe 2233’ and ’06-2029’ have the maximum parameters. The samples ‘М-60938’, ‘Sorghum vulgare’, ‘Dzhugara Uch-Ailik (к-987)’ and ‘к7295’ possess the largest weight of kernels per panicle (more than 50g) due to the large size of kernels and large amount of kernels per a plant. There have been selected the samples with the economic-valuable traits for the breeding of new highly productive hybrids and varieties of grain sorghum.

 At present it’s necessary to supply the population with the animal food of domestic producers. The fulfillment of the task becomes possible if the agricultural animals are provided with the full balanced feeding. The increase of cultivation of the leguminous grasses is one of the main ways to increase of production of vegetable protein. Spring vetch is one of the most promising leguminous crops in the Primorie. Among the leguminous annual grasses spring vetch possesses the largest content of digestible protein, carbohydrates, oils, various vitamins and minerals. In the Primorsky Kray the collection of spring vetch varieties has been studied in the mixed cultivation. The most productive and sustained variety samples, suitable for the further breeding have been determined. The varieties ‘Nikolskaya’ and ‘Yubileynaya 110’ showed the highest productivity of seeds per 1m2 (135.09g and 139.08g respectively). The variety ‘Omichka 3’ (76.74g) had the highest productivity among the control varieties. During the study of spring vetch we estimated the varieties with the best productivity of green chop per 1m2, they are ‘Lugovchanka’Russia (1.17kg); ‘Nemchinovskaya 72’Russia (1.34kg); ‘k-35451’Hungary (1.36kg); ‘k-35415’Syria (1.40kg); ‘Hifa’France (1.20kg); ‘Lugovskaya 85’Russia (1.41kg). The samples ‘Nemchinovskaya Yubileynaya’ (Russia), ‘Ugolek (Russia), ‘Lugovchanka’ (Russia), ‘Nemchinovskaya 72’ (Russia), ‘k-35451’ (Hungary), ‘k-35415’ (Syria) are characterized with high adaptability in the productivity of green chop. The varieties ‘Yubileynaya 110’ (Russia), ‘Hifa’ (France), ‘Lugovskaya 85’ (Russia), ‘Nemchinovskaya 72’ (Russia), ‘Elena’ (Russia) are considered to be the sustained ones. The assessment of the control varieties on productivity of green chop showed that the variety ‘Lugovskaya 85’ was more sustained (Sdi 2=0.10) than the variety ‘Omichka 3’. The variety samples are of great interest for use as an initial material of spring vetch in the Premorsky Kray.

The frequently changing market conditions of agricultural products require growing new and almost forgotten crops. Winter rapeseed is one of them. In the last decade its growing areas were increased to 14.000 ha on average, and in some years (2008) they were 30.000 ha. The main way to receive high yield of winter rapeseed in the Crimea is its proper place in the crop rotation sequences. The article gives the results of the study of winter rapeseed and wheat in the four specialized crop rotation sequences, where the rapeseed was sown in the bare (‘black’) fallow land and fallow winter wheat, and the wheat was sown after rapeseed, bare (‘black’) fallow and fallow wheat. The conducted analysis of weather conditions of the years showed, that during presowing and sowing periods there was the least amount of precipitations and it didn’t allow receiving the timely germination of rapeseed. The studying ancestors affected on the productivity of all crops participating in the crop rotation sequences. The rapeseed productivity during two crop rotation sequences (bare fallow) was 2.23 t/ha on average, but it was 1.60 t/ha in the direct reseeding. The productivity of the winter wheat sown after the rapeseed depended a lot on the ancestor: after the fallow rapeseed it was higher than in the direct reseeding (8% on average); after the rapeseed, sown after the wheat it was lower than in the direct reseeding (3%).

The article considers the role of N.I. Vavilov in creating the theory of introduction of plants. N.I. Vavilov was the first who showed the possibility and practicability of expanding rice from the southern parts of the country to the northern ones – Povolzhie, North Caucasus and the Far East. According to his theory of introduction there are such forms of rice which are suitable for growing in other regions with other conditions. At the first stage he recommended using the early maturing Japanese rice varieties. According to him the success of the introduction of rice is determined by the variety, the environmental conditions and especially by the cultivation technology, which significantly affect on the efficiency of use of ecologic factors. Thereby the prospects have been shown to grow rice in the new rice growing regions during the flooding and during the periodic watering. The ideas of N.I. Vavilov about the introduction of plants are very urgent in this country and t the modern stage of plant-growing development.

Nowadays one of the promising measures to increase the productivity of spring barley is to use seed disinfectants together with the growth stimulators, which stimulate plant sprouting, improve their tolerance to unfavourable biotic and abiotic factors and improve grain quality. The article considers the effect of tank mixtures of the disinfectants ‘Vintsit Forte’ with the growth stimulators ‘Agropon S’ and ‘Melafen’ on the productivity and the elements of structure of spring barley variety ‘Shchedry’. The use of tank mixtures of the growth stimulators ‘Agropon S’ and ‘Melafen’ during the seed disinfection with the fungicide ‘Vintsit Forte’ positively affects on the formation of such elements of yield as productive tillering and productive thick stand, that significantly raises the crop productivity. The greatest productivity increase of spring barley has been obtained in the variants with the disinfectant ‘Vintsit Forte’ in the tank mixture with the growth stimulator ‘Melafen’ due to the enhancing of the morphogenetic processes. The crop productivity was raised to 1.4 t/ha (29.8%) to the control when applying ‘Melafen’; the energy content in the yield was 100.4 GJ/ha with the least energy consumption of 2.6 GJ/t and the coefficient of energy efficiency of 6.4. The article considers the economic efficiency of seedbed treatment of seeds with the growth stimulators and seed disinfectants. The most economic effect (16.700 rubles/ha) has been received in the variant of ‘Vintsit Forte’+‘Melafen’ and showed 99.4% of production profitability. The study results are recommended for spring barley growing by the farmers in the Rostov region.

The article presents the results of the comparative study of the new and old varieties of six grain crops (winter rye, winter and spring wheat, winter triticale, spring barley, oats), conducted among the crops according to the range of environmental varying (CV), phenotypic stability (SF) and ecologic adaptability (bi) of productivity trait. The study shows that the new varieties of all crops excluding rye possess higher variability of productivity than the old varieties. The varieties with high potential of productivity the share of its variability, caused by environmental factors, increases, but the effect of variety gene type on the variability reduces. The conclusion has been made that if the potential productivity of the varieties increases, their environmental stability decreases and it can’t be raised with the breeding technologies. The breeding efficiency will be higher if its strategy is directed to the special adaptation of the varieties to the dominant conditions of the region. The priority should be given to the breeding of the varieties on the adaptability to the contrasting weather conditions. The ways of improvement of the breeding on the environmental stability are being discussed.

The quantitative parameters of productivity of new soft spring wheat varieties ‘Yoldyz’, ‘Idele’, ‘Khayat’ and perspective lines ‘К-43/04-1’, ‘К-48/04-2’, ‘О-192/03-5’ developed by the Tatarsky RIA have been determined in the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan. The features of productivity formation have been found and the contribution of individual components into productivity formation has been estimated. The number of kernels in the main head is the most significant parameter which affects the productivity. The component of the yield is liable to change because of the conditions of vegetation, the samples of new varieties have shown a strong liner correlation of “kernel yield” with “number of kernels per main head” (r=0,73– 0,85**). The lines ‘К-43/04-1’, ‘К-48/04-2’ and ‘О-192/03-5’ significantly excess the parameters ‘total number of kernels per head’ and ‘number of kernels per spikelet’ of the standard variety ‘Simbirtsit’. It has been shown that the productivity of grain of the studied samples largely depends on the productivity of the above-ground biomass. The correlation of the parameter with productivity was strong enough (r=0,88–0,99**) during all years of study. The correlation ‘1000-kernel weight’ with ‘grain productivity’ was not accurate during all years of study. The breeding work allowed achieving the optimum in the plant structure. All considered varieties and lines mainly form agrocoenosis in the main one-sprout plant, there hasn’t been found any reliable difference in the productive tillering among the samples.

Due to the creation and introduction of the varieties adapted to the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan, the areas of winter wheat cultivation increased from 59.300 ha to 339.700 ha during the last 15 years. The staff of the institute developed such winter wheat varieties as ‘Kazanskaya 285’, ‘Kazanskaya 560’ and ‘Nadezhda’ with the stronger adaptive characteristics and a sustained grain quality. The article describes a new soft winter wheat variety ‘Nadezhda’. The variety was created with the method of intraspecific hybridization with the following selection from the hybrids: ‘Mironovskaya 808’/’Meshinskaya 2’/’Kazanskaya 285’. The variety is Lyutestsens, a middle maturing cultivar. The average productivity of the variety during the years of study was 3.5 t/ha. the cultivar showed the productivity increase of 0.5 t/ha compared with the standard variety ’Kazanskaya 285’. The distinctive feature of the variety is the synchronization of the stem formation, which weakens the competition among the first and following stems. The variety ‘Nadezhda’ possesses a powerful autumn tillering that allows sowing it with the norm of 4.5-5.0 ml of germinating seeds per hectare. The cultivar possesses resistance to snow mould, fusariosis and tolerance to drought. It’s valuable wheat with large and uniform kernels. The variety has been approved to use in the Middle-Volzhsky region of the Russian Federation.

The Western Siberia is one of the largest regions of the country in the production of soft spring wheat. The weather-climatic conditions of the place allow yielding grain with high content of gluten and protein, suitable to the food use. The research results of the institutions and long-term agronomic experience showed that as the Western Siberia has a variety of weather-climatic zones, fertile soil, their profitable arrangement, it needs a wide range of spring wheat varieties, well adapted to the local conditions. The kind of a variety is of primary importance in the Siberian plant-growing. The article gives the analysis of the registered varieties of soft spring wheat according to their origin, speed of maturing and grain quality. It has been noted that 71 varieties out of 81 registered ones belong to the local breeding (87,6%). The rest 10 varieties (12,4%) belong to the breeding in another regions. The foreign varieties aren’t used in the sowings. The last decades the breeders and geneticists of the region have been successfully solving the problem of tolerance of the varieties to lodging. The sowings of the most varieties of spring wheat with the grain productivity of 4-5 t/ha do not lodge. The genes of winter varieties and of short-stem spring wheat varieties from the collection of Vavilov ARRIR are used in the breeding experiments. The problem of the development of rapid maturing varieties with high quality of grain is being successfully solved. The early and middle-early varieties make up 24,7%, the varieties with the quality of grain make up 32,1%, the valuable varieties make up 45,6%. The institutions SibRIR, SibRIA, ARIA, OmSAU and Northern Zauralie RIA contributed a lot into the development of the varieties of valuable and strong wheat. In the past the Western Siberia was a consumer of food wheat, but nowadays the region is a reliable supplier of the grain on the external market. The scientists face the problem of developing the varieties tolerant to stem and leaf rust and other diseases, adapted to the harsh Siberian conditions.

During the years of 2012-2014 two varieties of spring barley ‘Bagrets’ and ‘Belgorodsky 100’ and their response to fertilizing have been studied in the trials of FSBSI ‘Ural research Institute of Agriculture’. The article considers the productivity of barley varieties of various ecologic-geographic origin and their yield structure (a number of productive stems, a number of kernels per head, 1000-kernel weight), and gives economic assessment of the used methods. The study has shown that the variety ‘Belgorodsky 100’ forms a larger yield than ‘Bagrets’ on 0.020.20 t/ha. On average both varieties produced a good yield with the fertilizing of N60P60K60 and it was on 0.75-0.93 t/ha more than without the fertilizing. The variety ‘Bagrets’ formed larger kernels (with 1000-kernel weight of 52.8 g). The fertilizing promoted an increase of the kernel size on 0.7-2.9 g, and a number of productive stems on 15-98 pieces, height of a plant on 4.010.4 sm, a length of head on 0.5-0.9 sm and a number of kernels per head on 0.7-2.2 pieces. In 2014 we obtained high productivity of the studied barley varieties (to 3.57 t/ha). In 2012 barley had better response to fertilizing and the amount of productivity increase was on 0.86-1.28 t/ha higher than the standard variety, but in 2013 and 2014 the increase of productivity was 0.31-0.76 t/ha. In 2013 there were favourable weather conditions (warm and wet) during the barley vegetation and 1000-kernel weight was 58.2 g.

The article has presented the study results of the effect of various doses of nitrogen fertilizers on the tillering of two rice varieties and the hybrid population of the fourth generation, obtained during the hybridization of ‘Lampo’x’Komandor’. In Russia, where rice is cultivated according to the technology of the direct sowing into the soil, the domestic varieties possess insufficient tillering, so we have to create a necessary density of stand due to the increased seeding rate. The method has got some advantages due to better maturation of plants and rapid harvesting, but when we disorder the soil layout, the seedlings become sparser and the productivity reduces. We can solve the problem with the fast maturing rice varieties, possessing high tillering and rapid maturation of the stem shoots. The main purpose of the work is to study the correlation of tillering with other factors of productivity, its inheritance and its expression in the various environmental and fertilizing conditions, the possibility of its combining with other economic-valuable traits to breed a productive, fast maturing rice variety with high tillering, tolerance to lodging and diseases, good quality of kernels, adapted to the local climate and soil. The parental varieties significantly differed from each other. The variety ‘Lampo’ possesses a high potential of tillering, ‘Komandor’ possesses a low one. It has been determined that nitrogen fertilizing changes the average parameters of the trait. The tillering of the studied varieties and hybrids increases on 0.76-1.36 stems/plant on average when the doses of fertilizers increase on 30 kg/ha. Thereby the increase of the doses of fertilizers doesn’t have a significant effect on the inheritance of the trait. The hybrid always occupies an intermediate position among the parental varieties. The use of the revealed regularities in the breeding work gave the possibility to breed the rice variety ‘Akustik’ with the genes of high tillering. In 2015 the variety was sent to the State Variety Testing.

To stabilize the production of forage grain in the dry parts of the Rostov region it is necessary to implement highly productive varieties of grain sorghum. With the help of the crop it’s possible to solve the problems of maintenance of sustained productivity of grain every year. The researches were carried out in 2013-2015 by the All-Russian RI of Grain Crops named after I.G. Kalinenko to determine the efficiency of cultivation of grain sorghum varieties in the regions of unstable and insufficient humidity of the Rostov region. The agroclimatic conditions in the years of study significantly differed in the amount of precipitations, in the temperature regime, which allowed objectively evaluating the studied varieties. The article gives the results of the study of grain productivity and quality (the yield of fodder units, digestible protein, metabolizable energy content in the dry matter; the bioenergitic efficiency of grain sorghum cultivation has been considered). The varieties ‘Khazine 28’, ‘Zernogradskoe 53’, ‘Luchistoe’, ‘Orlovskoe’, ‘Zernogradskoe 88’ and ‘Velikan’, considered in the article, belong to the early and middle maturing groups of varieties and they have a high content of starch (74.1-76.0%). On average the studied varieties formed the grain productivity of 3.73-4.76 t/ha, with the fodder units of 4.63-5.85 t/ha and the content of raw protein of 11.4-12.8%. The cultivation technologies of grain sorghum produced net energetic profit of 29.56-40.11 GJ/ha with the coefficient of energetic efficiency of 3.3-3.9. According to the energy content all grain sorghum varieties are considered efficient.

There are different appraisal criteria for the reference of rice varieties to the group of cultivars with high quality. In India, Bangladesh and the Philippines the people prefer the high amylose varieties which are boiled soft. The starch properties are the key factor for the nutritional and culinary qualities of the cooked rice, and the quantity of proteins and their amino acid composition affect its nutritional value. The starch in the grain kernels is the 6-carbon sugars, polymerized into the granules of starch endosperm. One part of spare starch in grains presents the direct chains of amylose; the other part is the amylopectin with the branched molecular structure. The starch of the gluten or waxy rice completely consists of the amylopectin. The groats of the varieties with high content of amylose (more than 25%) isn’t boiled soft and can be used for pilaf and other cuisines where it’s important to preserve the integrity of a kernel and its attractive appearance. In Russia we cultivated only low-amylose varieties with its content of 1519%, but the last time there is a necessity to develop domestic varieties with the amylose content more than 20% and the varieties with higher content of gluten. The samples of the sub type indica of foreign breeding have been involved in the hybridization as the donors of the trait. Despite the high content of bare kernels of the intersubspecific hybrids, the second generation of the hybrids produces the highly productive and more promising plants for further hybridization. The analysis of the breeding material showed the possibility to grow the varieties with the long and large kernels with the different rate of maturity. During the control trial and competitive variety testing we selected the samples with the content of amylose more than 20%.

One of the reasons of instability of high yields of agricultural crops in the Nechernozem zone of Russia is low soil fertility. In the last years the problem is of great importance because of a sharp decline of mineral fertilizers used by the farms of the country. So, the modern science pays more attention to the study of biologization of agriculture that allows creating highly productive and ecologically sustained agro systems, and using biocoenotic potential of agro coenosis and natural resources of the region more completely and efficiently. The article shows the ways of increase of grain productivity in the mixed sowings of soybean and lupine-barley on 19.2-21.3% and the amount of protein on 30.3-37.9% due to the use of the mixture of symbiotic and associative rhizobacteria and mineral nitrogen (in the dose of N60). It has been determined that in the lupine-barley, soybean-barley and pea-barley sowings the mixtures of the bio medicines and the types (ammonia and nitrate) of mineral nitrogen (in the dose of N60) had a great effect on grain productivity. According to the study we developed and gave agronomically and economically substantiated recommendations on the cultivation of such mixed sowings in the grey forest (sylvogenic) soils as lupine-cereal, pea-cereal and soybean-cereal, which can give high and sustained yields.

The article considers the innovative ecologically friendly methods of pre-sowing treatment of soft winter wheat seeds ‘Donskoy Mayak’, one of which was the use of the electro activated solutions received during the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution. During the study we carried out a comparative assessment of economic efficiency of the pre-sowing treatment of the seed material with the chemical ‘Premis-200’ and with the use of the electro activated solutions. The article shows the economic profitability of the electro activated solutions in the cultivation of winter wheat. The researches established that the total economic profit of the treatment of seed with the electro activated 1% solution of active chloride was more than 3.000 rubles per ha in comparison with the chemical ‘Premis-200’. It has been determined that the coefficient of the energetic efficiency of winter wheat cultivation technology is higher after the treatment with the electro activated solution, than with the chemical ‘Premis-200’.