The plant height is an important qualitative trait. It affects productivity and resistance to lodging of the crop. The efficiency of the selection of the plants with necessary stem height depends on the amount and quality of the accumulated information about genetic system of trait control. The article deals with the results of the study of winter soft wheat hybrids of the second generation, allelic differences of the genes of plant height of four varieties. There were studied 10 hybrids F2 obtained from diallel hybridization of the varieties and lines of winter soft wheat 'Bunchuk', 'Kipchak', '1421/06' (with a working name Luiza) and '696/98' (with a working name Emma). The genetic analysis of the quantitative trait of a stem height was carried out with the help of the computer programs Gen-3 and Plygen A. The analysis determined the partial and incomplete dominance of the large value of the trait, the degree of the dominance (hp) varied from 0.12 to 0.95. It was established that the plant height differences among the studied varieties of winter soft wheat were caused by the small amount of the genes with various strength, i.e. 1-3 pairs, responsible for the transfer of the studied trait. The strength of the gene was 4, 7 and 15 cm. The varieties 'Bunchuk' and 'Kipchak', 'Kipchak' and 'Luiza', 'Luiza' and 'Emma' differed from each other according to the allelic state of one locus. The varieties 'Bunchuk' and 'Luiza', 'Kipchak' and 'Emma' differed from each other according to the allelic state of two locuses. The varieties 'Bunchuk' and 'Emma' differed from each other according to the allelic state of three locuses.

The article gives the data of retrospective analysis of results of winter rye breeding in the Central-Black earth breeding centers during 40-year period. The five varieties, developed in different time, were studied during 3 years in theVoronezhregion. The study was conducted during the field trial, made under the scheme of the Latin rectangle. The crops were sown in a clean (‘black’) fallow land, the soil was middle-power black earth, with a middle content of humus. During the years of study the weather conditions were different. It has been shown that during the period the productivity increased almost half. The productivity increase has entailed the increase of specific density of sowing and of the values of a harvesting index. The number of productive sprouts per unit of area significantly increased. There was also a slight increase of head productivity. The sprout length reduced but its breaking strength increased, that promoted a significant increase of plant resistance to lodging. The decrease of a plant height resulted in the increase of indexes which reflected a correlation of head productivity and its elements with a sprout length. A slight increase of the index of leaf surface gave a significant increase of a number of leaves of the top circle. The value of a chlorophyll index in the phase of milk maturity significantly increased. During the breeding process the intensity of donor-acceptor correlations in the system of ‘vegetation mass-filling of kernels’ increased as well. The increase of the coefficient of the use of sprout weight and head productivity in half and more increased the realization of its potential of productivity only on 13.5%. It was the result of decrease of vegetation mass of a head.  Due to it the further breeding work with winter rye should direct on the increase of vegetation mass of a sprout through the increase of leaf area.

The article is devoted to the study of changeability of the length of vegetation and interphase periods of peas (Pisum sativum L.) in the Pre-Ural Steppe of Bashkortostan. The article gives the comparison of the vegetation and interphase periods with separate meteorological factors and seed productivity through the coefficients of variation (V). Peas is the main leguminous crop in Bashkortostan. The length of vegetation and interphase periods of peas is determined through the varietal features and their interconnections with the environmental conditions. A detailed study of these periods for different varieties in the definite conditions is of great scientific and practical interest for the plant-breeding. The climate of theRepublicofBashkortostanis continental with long cold winter and hot dry summer.  The agro meteorological conditions during the periods of peas growth and development in 1999-2013 were largely contrasting, which allowed assessing the effect of unfavourable environmental conditions on the length of vegetation and interphase periods of peas. In our experiments the length of the period ‘seeding-sprouting’ largely depended on average daily temperature of air (r=-0.875). The length of the period ‘sprouting-flowering’, except the varietal peculiarities, depended on the temperature regime (r= -0.874 – -0.886). The precipitations increased the length of the period of ‘sprouting- flowering’ (r=0.626 – 0.668). Both precipitations and temperature influenced a lot on the length of the period of ‘seeding-maturing’ of the peas varieties. The coefficients of the correlation were r=-0.653 – -0.658 and r=0.629 – 0.650 respectively. The seed productivity was positively dependent on the length of the period of ‘seeding- maturing’ with r=0.548. The increase of average daily temperature of air negatively affected on the seed productivity (r=-0.769). The interrelation between the seed productivity and the sum of precipitations and the hydrothermal coefficient turned to be r=0.301 and r=0.290 respectively.

The share of concentrated forage is constantly increasing in the forage balance of the country. The main kind of grain used in husbandry feeding is wheat and it places high demands on soil fertility. Thus the use of such grain crop as triticale is of great importance. It produces stable yields that surpass wheat yields on 25-45% under similar growing conditions. The prime cost of triticale production is on 1.4-1.7% less in comparison with the initial parent forms and barley. Triticale being a hybrid of rye and wheat, inherited not only positive but also negative traits (presence of anti-nutritious substances) that hinders its use in animal feeding. The article gives the results of the study of triticale use instead of barley in the feeding of lactating (dairy) cows. The experiments have been carried out on black-motley cows chosen as similar pairs and divided into two groups with 12 of them each. The animals of the control group received barley bran and the animals of the experimental group received bran of winter triticale of the variety 'Doktrina 110' in the amount of5.5 kgper head a day. There were no other differences in the rations of the animal feeding. The amount of raw protein in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group. It depended on its larger content in triticale (14.5%) than in wheat (11.1%). The replacement of barley on triticale in the ration of lactating cows did not affect greatly on digestion of dry matter, raw oil, but promoted the increase of digestion of raw protein on 5.5%, raw fiber on 1.8% and organic substance on 1.2%. The balance of nitrogen in the control group was negative and in the experimental group it was positive. The replacement of barley on triticale in the ration of lactating cows promoted the increase of average daily milk of natural fat on 7.5% and the decrease of use of dry matter, exchangeable energy and concentrated forage per one kg of milk.

The breeding work on obtaining new varieties and hybrids of crops is being carried out constantly that allows developing genotypes for various soil-climatic conditions with the improved indexes of the main economic-valuable traits. A new middle-early hybrid of maize 'Zernogradsky 288 MV' has been obtained by All-Russian Research Institute of Grain Crops named after I.G. Kalinenko. According to the results of the State Variety Testing it has been introduced into the State List of Agricultural Achievements of RF and it has been approved to use in the Central-Black earth region since 2016. The hybrid of maize 'Zernogradsky 288 MV' is a three-line, middle-early (FAO 250), multi-purpose (for grain and green forage) cultivar, which belongs to the varieties with dent yellow grain, of (Zea mays L. indentata). According to the results of the competitive trial in the arid years of 2010-2012 the grain productivity was 3.40 t/ha, the green chop productivity was 25.0 t/ha. The advantage of the hybrid among the others was its high resistance to drought, high stability to lodging (only 1.3% of lodged plants) and low harvesting humidity of grain (12.2%). The new hybrid is largely tolerant to blister smut and stem rot, middle-tolerant to stem borer. The hybrid seed-growing is carried out on a sterile cytoplasm of Moldovan type CMS, the yield of seeds from all plots of hybridization is 2.0 t/ha. The new middle-early hybrid of maize 'Zernogradsky 288 MV' surpassed the standard varieties on the plots of the Central Black earth region in grain and green chop productivity. The maximum productivity of grain (10.89 t/ha) was received on the Oboyansk plot of theKurskregion, that was on 1.04 t/ha (10.6%) larger than 'Voronezhsky 279 SV'. The maximum productivity of green chop (32.69 t/ha) was obtained on theLipetskplot of theLipetskregion, that was on 9.46 t/ha (40.7%) larger than the standard variety 'Amamonte'. The introduction of the maize hybrid 'Zernogradsky 288 MV' in the agriculture of the Central Black earth region will allow increasing the gross yield of grain and green chop. 

For Russia countries with a temperate climate, with direct sowing of rice increase of cold tolerant varieties in seed germination and shoot formation are important. This trait allows to begin rice sowing earlier using for plant growing the favorable period by temperature to obtain optimum shoots by density that gives the chance to realize potential efficiency of varieties. A research objective is to create and estimate the initial stock resistant to low positive temperatures for use it for breeding of new cold tolerant rice varieties.Display of molecular markers - is neutral in relation to a phenotype and they can be found out at any stage of development of plants in ontogenesis. Methods of DNA-genotipirovanija and PCR analysis by means of molecular markers allow accelerating carrying over of the necessary genes in the course of breeding and to provide creation of new varieties with a complex of the set properties Therefore the role of biotechnological methods is important at creation new cold tolerant varieties.According to results of PCR analysis by use of SSR - marker lines of rice with dominant alleles of cold resistance genes were screened. Double haploids were obtained by anther culture method in vitro and resistant forms were found. Plants with economically valuable traits were screened. All-round evaluation of obtained material gave the possibility to find initial stock for use breeding process in future for release of new cold resistant rice varieties. 

Blast disease is a widely spread and harmful disease of rice. The most reliable method to fight with it is a development of resistant varieties. The article presents the development stages of the new rice variety 'Partner' with higher resistance to blast disease. It has been shown that on the basis of DNA-markers we developed breeding material with a gene of resistance to blast disease Pi-b. The donor of the gene Pi-b was the later maturing Japanese variety 'BL-1'. The recipient was the variety 'Yantar' cultivated in theKrasnodararea. The obtained material allowed identifying and studying 20 lines in the breeding seed plot. The estimation of the material in the breeding seed plot resulted in the identification of five best lines and their introduction into the control seed plot. According to the complex of economic traits two variety samples 'KP 117-09' and 'KP 126-09' were identified. The variety sample 'KP 117-09' showed 24.9 % of blast disease development during artificial infection, 'KP 126-09' had 27.7%. The rest varieties including the standard variety 'Rapan' had a larger percent of infection (42.7%). In 2011-2013 the identified samples were subjected to a competitive testing. According to the results the variety sample 'KP 117-09' (named as 'Partner') was found the best and was sent to the State Variety Testing. On average the variety 'Partner' showed better productivity that 'Rapan' (8.54 and 7.93 t/ha respectively); it surpassed the standard variety in the trait '1000-kernel weight' (32.3 gvs 28.0g) and in resistance to blast disease (22.6% vs 48.7%). The other traits of the comparing varieties had the close values. In 2013 the new variety 'Partner' was sent to the State Variety Testing. Due to two years of study it was introduced into the List (Register) of Breeding Achievements and since 2016 it was approved for use in the Krasnodar Area. 

The article deals with the principles, methods and study results of the development of winter wheat varieties, tolerant to the widely spread and harmful diseases. The article gives the characteristics of phytosanitary risks dangerous for the gross yields of wheat. The main trends of the breeding-immunological researches in the institute, materials and methods which are used in wheat breeding for their immunity have been presented here. The results of the complex immunological assessment of winter wheat varieties tolerant to leaf rust are discussed in the article. The molecular screening showed that the winter wheat varieties, developed in the institute, possessed different types of tolerance genetically determined by the nature. It was established that the commercial varieties possessed poorly effective genes of tolerance Lr1, Lr10, Lr26, Lr34 and their various combinations or ‘pyramids’. The article presents the classification of the varieties according to the degree of their infection with leaf rust that is of great importance for the breeding and the conducting of genetic monitoring of disease resistance, to optimize phytosanitary state in the wheat agro phytocenosis. It has been determined that the most efficient method to create the varieties tolerant to head fusarium is a complex hybridization, intended on the pyramiding of the genes with specific and unspecific resistance. The important thing of the breeding work is to carry out multiple selections in the hybrid populations, starting with F2 under artificial infection. Using such methods the new variety ‘Urup’ has been obtained and approved for use in the production.

The branch of plant breeding in theRepublicofKalmykiais not of the primary importance but the production of grain, especially winter wheat is paid much attention to. The share of winter wheat in the gross grain production is of 65.7-79.6% during the last 10-20 years. It is caused by the fact that winter wheat uses bioclimatic potential of the area better than other crops. The main task of the farmers is to receive high yields of grain with seeds of good quality. To fulfill the task it’s necessary to use all available reserves in the technology of grain production. One of such reserves is the implementation of new and promising varieties of winter wheat with great adaptability to the local soil-climatic conditions. Kalmykia RIA together with Krasnodar RIA has been carrying out the trials to develop the varieties of winter wheat in heavy soil- climatic conditions. During the trials the study of 125 varieties of winter wheat developed by different breeding institutions showed the possibility to obtain stable yields with seeds of good quality. There have been identified the most productive varieties and breeding lines with an average productivity of 22.4-24.9 hwt/ha. We have determined the response of the varieties and lines on suddenly changing hydrothermal conditions during the vegetation; we have identified the most adapted to the local conditions varieties ‘Don107’, ‘Bulgun’, “Khasyr’, ‘Kapitan’, ‘Yashkulyanka’ and line ‘629/10’. We have studied quality of the grain, which was formed under various hydrothermal conditions of the vegetation period. It has been determined that in the extreme conditions of vegetation in 2014 the varieties formed grain with better physical and chemical indexes. While improving of the conditions of vegetation (the increase of precipitations in 2013-2015) there was a tendency of worsening of grain quality of the studied varieties, especially in the amount of protein, gluten and its quality. The varieties ‘Bulgun’, “Khasyr’ and ‘Yashkulyanka’ have been identified as the varieties giving grain of best quality.

The focus of the review is on the results of diagnostics of spring barley tolerance to drought using a direct vegetation experiment (“zasushnik”). It has been analyzed which elements of the yield structure are primary in the formation of high productivity of the crop under the insufficient water supply. The data about plant height of spring barley under the conditions of drought, optimal moisture and a field trial have been given. The plant height was 55-75 cmunder optimal moisture (control), it was 40-64 cmunder the conditions of a severe drought and it was 50-65 cmin a field trial (natural growing conditions), that is 5-10 cmlower than growing under optimal moisture (control). One of the responses of spring barley to water stress is reduce of a number of productive stalks per meter. The spring barley varieties ‘Leon’ (359 and 392 p/m²) and ‘Shchedriy’ (369 и 400 p/m²) showed the largest thickness of productive plant density under the conditions of experimental drought and a field trial. Different decrease of grain productivity and elements of yield structure (amount of seeds in a main ear, mass of 1000 seeds, mass of a main ear) of spring barley samples under drought have been defined. The review considers a gradient of reduce of ear dry biomass depending on different growing conditions as one of the criteria of assessment of drought tolerance. A minimum reduce of ear dry biomass after the effect of a stress factor (soil drought) was seen in the varieties ‘Leon’ (51%) and ‘Shchedriy’(51%). The analysis of correlation between these data and the amount of productivity has been carried out.

The study of the effect of overmature stand before harvesting on the quality of rice varieties grown in ARRI of rice (Krasnodar) has been carried out. As the material we took the grain of such rice varieties as ‘Rapan’, ‘Khazar’, ‘Favorit’, ‘Kurazh’, ‘Sharm’ and ‘Krepysh’ grown by ARRI of rice (the village of Belozerny of Krasnodar Area) and harvested in the years of 2013, 2014. The soil of the plots was rice, meadow-black earth; the arable land was characterized with the general humus content of 4.2% (according to I.V. Tyurin) and with readily hydrolyzable nitrogen of 7.3 mg/100 g (according to I.V. Tyurin and M.M. Kononova). The rice maturity in the conditions of the cold rainy September of 2013 promoted a long-term high humidity of ripe grain. In 2014 by the 7 of October all varieties achieved the humidity of ripe grain (13.1-15.3%). The rice humidity during harvesting had no effect on a fracturing of rice grain. The varieties ‘Krepysh’ (32.9-37.8g) and ‘Favorit’ (28.9-29.1g) belong to large-kerneled varieties. The rest ones belonged to middle-kerneled varieties with 24.8-25.3 g. The fracturing effect of short-kerneled varieties ‘Rapan’ and ‘Khazar’ had no significant increase in the before- harvesting period with 3-5% and 2-6% respectively. The ratio of fracturing of the early-maturing variety ‘Sharm’ was 40% in 2014 under harvesting humidity of 12.1%; and 9% in 2013 under harvesting humidity of 19.6%. The influence of the genotype on the response of the grain quality on an overmature stand has been shown in the article. We have made a conclusion about the necessity to register the genetic resources of rice varieties response on an overmature stand in the database program.

One of the most important trends of the stable production of winter barley is the introduction of new varieties of into production [4]. The reasonable selection of the initial material and its further introduction into the breeding program gives an opportunity to solve the problem successfully. Identification, selection and development of the initial material are the main elements of the successful breeding of crops. Thus, the purpose of our researches was to study the main economic-valuable traits of winter barley varieties in the Rostovregion and to identify a valuable initial material in the variety-testing for their use in the development of new varieties. The experiments were carried out on the fields of the scientific crop rotation of the department of barley breeding and seed-growing of FSBSI ARRIGC after I.G. Kalinenko in the years of 2013-2015. The subjects of the study were 18 varieties of winter barley with different ecologic-geographic origin. The varieties with the combination of economic-valuable traits and properties were identified. The varieties ‘Zhiguli’, ‘Timofey’ (FSBSI ARRIGC after I.G. Kalinenko) and ‘Fedor’ (FSBSI KRIA after P.P. Lukiyanenko) were found to combine great number of grains pre head and tolerance to leaf diseases. The varieties ‘Vivat’ (FSBSI ARRIGC after I.G. Kalinenko) and ‘Samson’ (FSBSI KRIA after P.P. Lukiyanenko) were identified as the most productive varieties, resistant to lodging, powdery mildew and net blotch (Helminthosporium teres). The variety ‘Broinskayly’ (France) showed a good combination of coarse grain and high resistance to leaf diseases.

Grass sorghum is cultivated especially for hay, green feed (chop) and haylage. Sudan-grass and sorghum-Sudan hybrids belong to grass sorghum. The purpose of the work was to determine the main problems of the grass sorghum breeding and to present the results in FSBSI All-Russian Research Institute of Grain Crops after I.G. Kalinenko. The main problem in theSudangrass breeding is the development of early maturing varieties ofSudangrass with high tillering capacity, good leaf formation, high productivity and qualitative green chop. In the sorghum-Sudanhybridization the main task is to grow highly productive hybrids of various term of vegetation with qualitative green chop on the basis of early maturing, low-height, resistant to lodging and cold CMS-lines and pollen parents. To solve these tasks we developed the working collection of early maturing samples with good tillering capacity, with large leaf formation, which are going to be introduced into the hybridization. Among the new varieties of grass sorghum we identified ‘Vesta’, ‘Miledy’, ‘Krasava’ and ‘Arkadiya’ due to total green chop productivity for two cuttings; and ‘Arkadiya’ and ‘Krasava’ due to the yield of digestible protein, fodder units and contents of exchangeable energy per kg of absolutely dry matter. New sorghum-Sudanhybrids have been developed. The hybrids ‘APV 1115xZemlyachka’, ‘A-63xKrasava’ and ‘Germes’ were identified due to green chop productivity; ‘Germes’, ‘A-63x Arkadiya’ and ‘APV 1115xZemlyachka’ were identified due to the productivity of fodder units and contents of exchangeable energy per kg of absolutely dry matter. The new varieties and hybrids of grass sorghum allow obtaining 55-56 and 68-76 t/ha of green chop for two cuttings respectively.

The production of food for people and fodder for animals, their quality and quantity must be guaranteed in any economic situation as it provides security of the country. In the south ofRussiathe efficient fodder production becomes impossible without a versatile use and increase of the arable lands for the main fodder crop alfalfa. In the field trials of ARRIGC after I.G. Kalinenko we carried out study of green chop, dry matter and fodder value of the alfalfa hay variety ‘Rostovskaya90’according to the time of cutting. The variety ‘Rostovskaya90’was introduced into the State List of the breeding achievements and accepted to the State Variety Testing as a standard variety in the North-Caucasus region. In the experiment the time of cutting were connected with the main vegetation phases of alfalfa, i.e. stem formation, bud formation and blooming. The alfalfa plants of the variety ‘Rostovskaya90’which were cut in different time differed a lot in a plant height, leaf formation, productivity of green chop and dry matter, contents of raw protein, fiber, fodder units and exchangeable energy in dry matter, the amount of nutrients per hectare. The productivity of green chop and dry matter in the period of cutting and at the early stages of stem and bud formation had a slight difference. The largest differences in the productivity increase were seen during the cutting at the beginning of blooming. The productivity of ‘Rostovskaya90’naturally increased in the period from stem formation to the beginning of blooming and on average produced 15.2, 22.6, 27.1 and 27.3 t/ha of green chop during the first cutting and 9.8, 12.5, 14.1 and 13.8 t/ha during the second cutting. The productivity of dry matter was 2.1, 3.5, 6.8 and 6.2 t/ha during the first cutting and 1.3, 2.4, 3.4 and 3.1 t/ha during the second cutting. The largest productivity of green mass and dry matter was obtained at the beginning of blooming. On average during the years of study the amount of raw protein in the plant was the largest in the period of stem formation both during the first cutting (25.24%) and during the second one (24.11%). In the period of full blooming the index significantly reduced and was 16.3% during the first cutting and 17.09% during the second one. The similar regularity was seen with exchangeable energy and fodder units per kg of dry matter. During the stem formation there was 0.94f.u. in one kg of dry matter during the first cutting and 0.91f.u. during the second one. The content of exchangeable energy was 10.76 and 10.51 MJ respectively. During the full blooming the content of exchangeable energy in dry matter and fodder units was 8.63 MJ and 0.56f.u. during the first cutting; and 8.21 MJ and0.52 f.u. during the second one. The decrease of fodder value is caused by the increase of fiber contents in the plants. During the full blooming it significantly surpassed the quantity required for cattle. The fodder amount of alfalfa, cut during the period of stem and bud formation, allows yielding the fodder with 0.84 –0.94 f.u. and 10.05 – 10.76 MJ in one kg of dry matter. The largest yield of fodder units (5304 and 2846), raw protein (1457 and792 kg) and exchangeable energy (64260 and 30838 MJ) per one hectare was noticed at the beginning of blooming both during the first cutting of green mass of alfalfa and during the second one.

Due to the global climate changes, increase of its continentality and sharp fluctuations of meteorological factors it is necessary to improve heat resistance of developed varieties. Drought tolerant plants can adapt to dry conditions during ontogenesis and grow, develop and give yields under such conditions. The proper selection of the varieties, being highly resistant to drought in any soil-climatic areas will help to obtain stable yields in the region. The researchers suggest a complex of informative indexes, which allow assessing a degree of drought resistance of the varieties. It concerns a state of leaves, especially in the periods of filling and ripening of grains, capacity of leaves to water retention (6), longer size of coleoptile, ratio of above-ground mass to the amount of consumed water and many other indexes. In our work we studied the indexes of water regime of plants, such as general water content, water deficit, water retention and water absorbing capacities, which determine the condition of plants during the vegetation and allow estimate their response to the stress factors in the various periods of ontogenesis. The assessment of the characteristics of water regime was carried out on the provocative background ‘zasushnik’ with the artificial drought (30% TMC and less), with the optimal moisture supply (70% TMC, irrigation) and with the natural moisture (50% TMC, field). According to all characteristics of leaf water regime we identified the samples of winter soft wheat ‘Admiral’, ‘Izyuminka’, ‘Lidiya’, ‘Kapitan’ and ‘Lilit’, which belong to the steppe ecotype and possess high resistance and adaptability to the complex drought.

The long-term trials in the southern part of theRostovregion showed that the primary method of tillage had a great effect on the dynamics of the contents of the main elements of nutrition and productivity of winter soft wheat. The experiments were started with 4 crop rotation sequences in 2007 on the fields of FSBSI ARRIGC after I.G. Kalinenko. The soil of the plot was ordinary carbonate loam black earth (chernozem). There were studied three methods of tillage, surface, subsoil and moldboard. There were analyzed the data of three year research of the dynamics of the contents of the main elements of nutrition (nitrate nitrogen, movable phosphorus, exchangeable potassium) in the layers of 0-10, 10-20, 20-30 cmduring the vegetation of the crop under the use of mentioned methods of tillage. There was no significant difference in the total contents of the main elements of nutrition in the layer 0-30 cmduring the vegetation of the crop. In the precise analysis of the soil layers it was found that under the surface tillage the contents of the movable forms of nitrogen and phosphorus was larger than under the subsoil and moldboard tillage. During the stage of head formation, the contents of nitrate nitrogen and phosphorus in the layer 0-20 cmunder the surface tillage was 55% and 16- 17% more than under the subsoil and moldboard tillage. The high supply of mineral nutrition, sufficient moisture and favorable temperature regime formed the maximum productivity of the crop (5.23 t/ha) under the surface tillage. During the years of study the larger contents of nitrate nitrogen and movable phosphorus was found in the layer of 0-20 cmunder the surface tillage and potassium under the use of moldboard tillage. Under the minimum tillage changeable potassium is accumulated in the top layer of soil, the subsoil and moldboard tillage promotes the process of mineralization of the whole arable layer and leads to a uniform accumulation of available potassium in the top layer of soil. The economic and bioenergetics assessment of the efficiency of the effect of the tillage methods on productivity of winter soft wheat showed that due to the decrease of the expenditures and the increase of crop productivity under the surface tillage the profitability of the winter wheat cultivation was 107.7-192.8%, the coefficient of the energetic efficiency (CEE) was 2.7-5.5% depending on the amount of productivity. Under the moldboard tillage the profitability of the crop ranged from 52.5 to 163.5%, the energetic efficiency (CEE) was 1.8-4.6%; they were 70.0-172.4% and 2.3-5.1% respectively under the subsoil tillage.

The conducted researches estimated a present phyto sanitary situation of spring wheat sowings in the north-west of Non Black earth area. A phyto sanitary situation is usually characterized with an average level of weediness, moderate infection with leaf diseases, and slight damage with pests. The varietal composition of harmful organisms and the species of economic value for spring wheat cultivation have been clarified for the region. They are 7 kinds of weeds, larvae of click beetles, Swedish oats fly and cereal aphids, powdery mildew, septoriosis, brown leaf rust. The article considers the change of the phyto sanitary situation under the influence of a variety, a forecrop, sowing terms and seeding rates, fertilizing. The varieties of foreign breeding are more susceptible to the local infectants that results in their strong infection with leaf diseases. The choice of a forecrop effects on a weediness of spring wheat and a damage of its sprouts with wireworms. The most favorable and popular forecrop for spring wheat is potatoes, the most unfavorable forecrop are perennial grasses. The late sowing terms of the crop worsen the situation with phyto pathogens. The grain infection with funguses increases that result in a black head, mold and root rot. The reduced sowing rates of spring wheat increase the weediness of spring wheat. Fertilizing promotes the formation of large phyto mass of weeds, increases the infection of plants with leaf diseases. The fields surrounded with forests are more resistant to pests, but less resistant to leaf diseases.

For the first time we have received the results for the cultivated virgin lands of the Orenburg Zauralye, which characterized the changeability of nitrogen consumption from the root layers of soil at different depth, its effect on productivity of spring durum wheat. It has been determined that when the crop is cultivated in the fallow black earth lands with alkalinity, the nitrogen consumption from different soil layers (up to1 m) during its vegetation can vary from 65.99-80.57% till 87.16-93.14% and from 57.43 and 45.18% in the layers of 0-30cm, 30-60cm and 60-100cm respectively in fallow lands without fertilizing and in fallow lands with fertilizing of P40 kg/ha. The average amounts of nitrogen consumption from the soil layers were 117.74, 115.22 and174.48 kg per ha without fertilizing; 116.93, 104.18 and172.87 kgper ha with phosphorus fertilizing; the maximum values of 276.72, 295.85 and369.14 kgper ha and 327.6,  313,99 and322.68 kgper ha respectively. The optimum amounts of nitrogen consumption to receive the most productivity were in the fallow lands without fertilizing: in the layer of 0-30cm – 79.26kg/ha (3.13 t/ha), in the layer of 30-60cm – 50.3kg/ha (3.20 t/ha), in the layer of 60- 100cm – 64.54kg/ha (3.25 t/ha) (ɳух=0.880-0.968). The optimum amounts of nitrogen consumption to receive the largest amount of productivity were in the fallow lands with phosphorus fertilizing: in the layer of 0-30cm – 33.07 kg/ha (3.50 t/ha), in the layer of 30-60cm – 0.01kg/ha (3.71 t/ha), in the layer of 60-100cm – 98.13kg/ha (3.26 t/ha) (ɳух=0.955-0.975). The increase of nitrogen consumption up to maximum values was accompanied with the decrease of productivity till 1.94-2.42 t/ha in fallow lands without fertilizing and till 2.60-2.41 t/ha. The phosphorus fertilizing of fallow lands is necessary, but the use of nitrogen is beside the purpose.