The article considers the results of study of role of physical characteristics in ‘productivity during drought’ and drought tolerance of spring and winter wheat. It was found, that drought tolerance of durum wheat in different hydro thermal conditions and drought types was connected with different characteristics. It allowed us to conclude that a more reliable assessment was possible when using several methods and technologies simultaneously, based on various physiological criteria. It was revealed that the more tolerant to drought varieties showed larger figures of water-holding capacity. Among the traits which allow recognizing drought tolerance we can note high values of water loss while wilting and low values of a net productivity of photosynthesis. We found essential to use a math method of statusmetria to make large amount of productive and physiological data more informative and compact. The use of statusmetria gave us an opportunity to find differences in the samples’ reaction to drought depending on the time and duration. We found and gave quantitative assessment of those morpho physiologic parameters, which show the most productivity and stability under definite hydro thermal conditions. To create drought tolerant primary material we suggest combining the study of breeding material by screening, express methods with further detailed study of yield stability and morpho physiologic features of drought tolerance of the samples.

For the first time on the sod-podzolic, floodplain soils of the Moscow region we studied effects of sowing terms of white mustard (spring, summer, autumn) on green fodder, content of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) in aboveground and underground parts of plants, productivity of green mass. Besides, we studied effect of the planting depth of green fodder (8-10, 20-22, 25-27 cm) on water-physical, agrochemical figures of soil and on productivity of spring wheat Zlata. We found out that a spring period of white mustard sowing is more preferable and advantageous than a summer one when nitrogen increased on 65, phosphorus on 34 and potassium on 70%. An autumn period of sowing increased nitrogen content in underground parts of the plant, but the content of phosphorus and potassium were less than in a spring period. Productivity of green mass increased on 16% as well. At the planting depth of green fodder 8-10 cm the density of the soil without fertilizers reduced from 1,46 to 0,90 g/cm³ (e.i. 38%). Ultimately, the productivity of spring wheat Zlata increased on 6,1 c/ha (e.i. 16,6%) at the planting depth 8-10 cm of green manure (siderate) compared with a deep planting.

In 2012-2013 pea was cultivated on the areas of 1.282 th. ha and 1.140 th. ha respectively. Pea took  about 2% of  lands, which was really less than a recommended share. In 2013 the largest areas were in Stavropolsky Krai (137 th.ha), Altaisky Krai (112 th.ha) and Rostov region (99 th.ha). From 118 varieties included into the State Register of breeding achievements and approved to use in RF in 2014 there were only 33% of relatively young (5 years) varieties and 21,2% of rather old ones (more than 16 years). The term of variety change in Russia is 16-17 years, but in Ukraine it’s 11 years. Too long periods of variety change is considered to be one of the reasons of decrease of plant protein production.  From 2003 the varieties of foreign breeding were included into the State Register of breeding achievements of RF and in 2014 there were 12,7% of total number of pea varieties. Being not more productive than domestic varieties, foreign cultivars have commercial success due to successful variety strategy and stable seed-growing. In agricultural production the varieties with wide adaptability and good qualitative traits are more demanded and preferred. The article tells about efficient working institutions and gives accounts of market volume of seeds.

In Prevolzhsky Federal District winter rye is widespread food crop. The most important reserve of increase and stability of winter rye productivity is a use of new more productive stress tolerant cultivars, which possess better traits and make its growing profitable. Winter rye varieties which consist of great number of heterozygous components, show more stability in productivity and adapt to changing environment better. The article presented a method of breeding of adaptive and highly productive winter rye varieties, based on a combination of inter variety hybridization, assessment of the families on total combinative ability, continuous individual-family or recurrent selection by the method of halves. The use of poly crossing of specially chosen forms gave us an opportunity to increase a share of balanced genotypes with a maximum blend of economic-valuable traits in the population. The economic-biological features of the new winter rye variety ‘Tantan’ were given. The origin of the population is characterized by a wide genetic background, which allowed accumulating many useful traits. The variety is suitable for bakery. ‘Tantan’ combines high productivity, adaptability, good quality of grain and some other advantageous traits and it’s recommended for growing in three regions of RF.

On the territory of the Orenburg region spring durum wheat is traditionally the most important and economically valuable crop. For nearly 200 years its grain has been famous for its quality on the domestic and foreign markets. Because of its relatively low yield major problems were solved at the expense of the areas, which were 450-500 th.ha in average in 60-s – 80-s of the previous century. During the years of perestroika they were reduced, but even now the region ranks first in the country in the amount of areas (more than 200 th.ha). In Orenburg RI of Agriculture we gained a large amount of experimental data concerning cultivating technology of spring durum wheat, which needs creative use of received cultivating methods with taking into consideration of nature and cli-matic factors with application of methods of math modeling. The above mentioned type of research is now being carried out by a staff of the department of grain crop technologies with spring barley, spring durum wheat and soft (bread) wheat. They have been studying the crops on the basis of their own experimental trials since 1966.  In the age of computers it becomes really important to describe and cognate regularities of weather and agro technology effect on productivity of some crops and varieties. In the article the author who was the first to apply the methods of math modeling to ana-lyze the results of trials during 1987-1990, gives a series of equations, revealing present dependence of spring durum wheat productivity from coefficients of variety productivity and aridity degree. It allows using them for assessment of predecessors’ efficiency and varieties tolerance to aridity.  

The article gives the results of the productivity analysis and biochemical analysis of 67 winter wheat varieties from 11 breeding centers of Russia, which participated in ecologic trials in Shatilov ATS in 2012-2013. It was shown influence of genotype and growing conditions on productivity and grain quality of winter wheat. These were found the most promising varieties for the Orlov region, which produced high yields of qualitative grain. We concluded that the varieties are of great interest for production as at a minimal increase of cultivation cost they produce yields in twofold per unit of land in comparison with previous zoned varieties. At the same time the article highlighted, that weather influence on productivity and winter wheat grain quality still remained rather strong. So it was suggested to reduce this negative effect by differentiation both varieties and agro technical methods.  In cultivation of winter wheat variety ‘Moskovskyay 39’ in Orlov region it is recommended a mineral fertilizing (NPK17), a top-dressing with nitrogen (N68) in the spring tillering phase combined with a non-root fertilizing with carbamide (calurea) (N46) in a earing phase, which will give yields of 5,5-6,0 t/ha with gluten content of more than 27%.

Breeding of new more economically valuable varieties is one of the most important and primary tasks in crop breeding.bIt’s necessary to assess genetic structure of the studied trait, e.i to understand the way of allele distribution among the varieties, what genetic effects prevail in trait inheritance, etc. You can obtain such information, using the scheme of diallel crossing. The article gives the results of diallel analysis of 5 varieties and 10 lines of winter triticale using Heyman method. There were studied such essential features of grain quality and productivity as mass of 1000 seeds, grain mass per ear, protein content in grain and bakery properties. The basic characteristics of inheritance of these traits were found.  It was estimated that all studied features were inherited due to adaptive dominant model. High figures of the traits ‘mass of 1000 seeds’ and ‘grain mass per ear’ were determined by dominant genes, while ‘protein content’ and ‘bakery properties’ by recessive ones. According to their concentration there were extracted the varieties for combinations in crossings. There is one in ‘mass of 1000 seeds’, there are three in ‘grain mass per ear’ and there is one in ‘protein content’. We didn’t manage to find a variety with a high concentration of recessive allele in genotype during the years of study.

In the work with all crops including sorghum, it’s necessary to know the character of the inheritance of basic economic traits so that to decrease the time for breeding of new varieties and hybrids. While studying the hybrids of the first generation the specialist can precisely reveal a recessive or a dominant effect of the gene, which controls this or that trait. The article gives the results of study of the inheritance of plant height, length of peduncle and mass of 1000 seeds characteristic to the hybrids of grain sorghum of the first generation. ‘Plant height’ is an important trait in grain sorghum breeding which largely determines resistance of a variety or a hybrid to lodging and suitability to machine harvesting. Analyzing 21 hybrids of the first generation on the trait ‘plant height’ 80,9% of them revealed presumptive heterosis and 66,7% showed authentic heterosis.  The hybrids with authentic heterosis possessed overdominance (hp>1,0) of the trait. ‘Length of peduncle’ is of great importance for grain sorghum breeding and determines its suitability for machine harvesting. The most hybrids (14) revealed their overdominance according to the trait ‘extension of a panicle’. ‘Mass of 1000 seeds’ is one of the basic elements of grain sorghum productivity, which determines grain size and maturity. The studied hybrids of the first generation showed different types of the trait inheritance, such as a depression, a partial and a full dominance of both a little and a large value of the trait, and an overdominance as well.

The basic pest of buckwheat in Primorsky Krai is buckwheat weevil (Rhinoncus sibiricus Faust). The researches established that harmfulness of buckwheat weevil is seen during the whole period of vegetation and productivity loss is about 40% in average. The weevils make small round holes in the leaves, reducing assimilating surface of a leaf, and larvae damage the stem from the first to the fifth nod. It results in the curve of a stam, lodging and fracture. We carried out an assessment of weevil damage degree of buckwheat varieties in ecologic and competitive trials in Primorsky Krai. As a subject of the trials we took 37 varieties, 20 of which were de-veloped in Primorsky RIA, the rest ones were developed in All-Russian research Institute of Legumes and Groats, Tatarsky RIA, Bashkiriya RIA, Institute of Biologic Development after N.K. Koltsov. The carried out study showed that weevil damage degree of buckwheat varieties in ecologic and competitive trials was 42,5-89,3% in the period of germination and – 50,0-99,5% in the period of maturation. Weevil damage degree of leaves and stems didn’t depend on morphotype (indeterminate or determinate), color of flowers, ploidy level, period of vegetation, ecologic-geographical origin of the variety. We extracted a variety ‘Primorskaya 373’ of Primorsky RIA breeding and a determinate variety ‘Dizain’ of RIA of Legumes and Groats breeding, characterized by larvae damage of stem in the period of maturation on 60 and 50% respectively. The damage of a standard variety ‘Izumrud’, which is characterized with high productivity, was 75%. 

During a long reproduction any variety tends to decrease its economic-biological traits and properties, which it initially possesses. The reasons for this are different diseases, especially infectious, mechanical and biological littering, which results in decreasing of productivity and grain quality of winter wheat. To overcome it we have to carry out a variety upgrade (renewal), e.i. replacement of the low productive seeds with highly productive ones possessing good sowing features.  In the Rostov region winter wheat is one of the basic grain crops. During last 14 years its area varied from 813,1 (in 2000) till 2096,5 thousand ha (in 2014). The maximum productivity was 36,7 c/ha in 2004. The work gives the average data about the amount of sown original, basic and reproductive seeds of winter wheat in the Rostov region during 2012-2014 years. 38.300 tons of original and basic seeds of winter wheat were sown in 2012, 26.500 t in 2013 and 37.700 t in 2014. Nevertheless, we should note the fact that the most part of the area was sown with the seeds of 1-4 reproduction. We have been analyzing the variety content of winter wheat in different parts of the Rostov region. The main breeding institutions-originators which produce winter wheat varieties for the Rostov region in 2014 are ARRIGC (38,4%), DRIA (28,6%) and KRIA (27,8%), the seeds of which were sown on 94,8% of the area. The varieties of SRIA and SSI occupied 4,6% of the area, the rest (0,6%) belonged to the cultivars of the other institutions. 

The work deals with the scheme of breeding of new crop varieties on the example of oats and Bromus inermis. The description of climate conditions Khangalassky region of Sakha Republic (Yakutiya) during the periods of study (1999-2004, 2006-2007, 2011-2013) was given with attached graphics of precipitations and temperatures in vegetation periods of various years. On the examples of oats and Bromus inermis we gave the terms of breeding process according to a standard and adaptive schemes and considered the research results of assessment and selection of adaptive species of oats and Bromus inermis. In the conditions of permafrost soils in Yakutiay we found such basic economic-valuable traits of Bromus inermis grown without fertilizing, as positive coefficient of correlation between winter tolerance and density of plants, strong stability of green mass productivity without fertilizing and irrigation (1187…1415 g/м² or 119…142 c/ha) and seed productivity (to 26 g/m²). As for oats, grown without fertilizers and herbicides, its precocity lasted 70 days and mass of 1000 seeds was 38,5…41,4 g. At accelerated breeding process with oats as an annual crop, attention should be paid on such adaptive properties as precocity and grain size. Winter tolerance and structure of herbage of Bromus inermis should be taken into account. We can determine an adaptive breeding process as one of the accelerated process of breeding of necessary oats and Bromus inermis varieties to improve fodder basis of plant-growing in Sakha Republic (Yakutiya)

Rice can significantly decrease the harvest of grain when it’s damaged with a dangerous fungus ‘Pyricularia grisea’ (rice blast). Single genes resistant to the pathogen are usually unefficient. That’s why it’s necessary to breed productive rice varieties, resistant to rice blast, having several genes possessing resistance in one genotype. Using molecular markers closely connected with genes which make the plants resistant to the pathogen, significantly facilitates the breeding. The purpose of the work is to breed a line of rice with five genes resistant to rice blast using a molecular marking method.  We used the lines of foreign breeding as donors of resistant genes and domestic varieties ‘Boyarin’ and ‘Virazh’ as recipients. In the work there were used micro satellite markers on genes resistant to rice blast. The results were visualized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and electrophoresis.

At the first stage we received 6 hybrids from a cross breeding of recipients ‘Boyarin’ and ‘Virazh’ and donors Pi-l, Pi-2, Pi-33. At the second stage during the process of pyramiding we managed to receive the varieties with these three genes together. At the third stage we carried out the hybridization with donors Pi-ta and Pi-b to combine 5 genes.

As a result of long-term work in introgression of the genes resistant to rice blast with the help of marking selection and PCR-analysis we obtained rice lines, combining five genes Pi-l, Pi-2, Pi-33, Pi-ta, Pi-b resistant to the pathogen. 

Barley is one of the basic crops cultivated in the world along with rice, wheat and maize (corn). Basic areas of barley in RF are located in the regions with insufficient and unstable moisture. The monitoring of agro climatic factors of the region showed that in the cold period the amount of precipitations increased, but in the main period of vegetation (May-July) it decreased. Due to aridity of climate during last 15 years the old varieties turned to be unadapted to increased drought.  That’s why it’s necessary to select new barley varieties, adapted to changing weather-climatic conditions to supply husbandry with constant fodder. A new spring barley variety ‘Tshedry’ which is more adapted to dry climate has been created and zoned in All-Russian Research Institute of Grain Crops after I.G. Kalinenko. In 2008 a spring barley variety ‘Tshedry’ was submitted for study in State Variety Center of RF. In 2011 it was included into the State Register of RF in the 6-th region, in 2013 in the 8-th region, in 2015 in the 5-th region of RF. Under progressing climate aridity of last years a new spring barley variety ‘Tshedry’ gives higher yields due to a full ear with large grain and strong biological resistance to drought during all periods of vegetation.

While cultivating crops on sloping lands it’s necessary to know the level of land relief influence on plant productivity. The purpose of research is to study the effects of different types of slopes on distribution of snow, water reserves in soil and productivity of spring soft wheat and barley. The trials were carried during 2012-2014 years on the lands of SBEI “Aksenovsky Agricultural Technical School”, located on the southern part of Bugulmino-Beleevskaya Hill. The research focused on the north-east, east, south-east, southern and western slopes. The soil of the slopes is leached chernozem (blacksoil). The trials showed that on any sloping lands the greatest amount of snow gathered in the lower part of the slope. It allows accumulating about 11,6-194,3 mm of atmospheric moisture and storing 157-211 mm of water in the upper soil layer (0-0,7m), which is on 35,3-43,3% more than in the upper part of Bugulmino-Beleevskaya Hill. If we plant spring soft wheat in the lower part of the Hill, we’ll obtain the yield of 1,84 – 2,12 t/ha of wheat and 1,80 – 2,27 t/ha of barley. It’s in average on 3,4-29,6% more than the productivity of crops planted in the middle part of the hill and in 1,2-2,1 times more than the productivity of the crops planted in the upper part of the slopes. It’s more appropriate to plant spring wheat on the western slopes and barley on the south-east and northern slopes, if you want to obtain maximum yield of them.

The article gives the results of the study of different methods of tillage (traditional, minimum and zero tillage) on productivity of spring wheat, spring barley, oats and lentil.

In dry time at a primary stage of using the technologies of saving agriculture productivity of spring crops was the most after plowing. In the years of sufficient moisture there were no differences among primary tillage.  The researches showed that cultivation of early spring crops in the conditions of Saratov Pravoberezhie decreased their productivity if energy-saving technologies of primary tillage were used. In average, during 5 years traditional tillage provided the largest productivity of spring wheat (1,15 t/ha), spring barley (1,42 t/ha), oats (1,70 t/ha) and lentil (1,12 t/ha), that exceeded the productivity of the crops on 18,3, 16,9, 8,8, 8,9% at a minimum tillage and on 16,5, 19,7, 16,5, 26,8% at zero tillage. Spring barley, spring wheat and lentil are the most demanding to tillage crops with variation coefficients 9,3%; 10,0%; 12,5% respectively. Oats responded to intensity and depth of tillage weaker with a variation coefficient 6,4%.  Statistics of the field data showed that lentil (with a variation coefficient 36,6-44,8%) and oats (with a variation coefficient 37,1-47,2%)  were the most stable to clime crops with constant productivity  in the rightbank areas of the Saratov region. Spring wheat (with a variation coefficient 49,1-53,2%) and spring barley (with a variation coefficient 73,3-87,6%) showed less stable productivity under the same conditions.

Grain production is historically a basis of stable functioning of agricultural sector, it has a system forming function for other branches of economy, it determines the level of food security for population and is a specific indicator of economic welfare of the state.  The development of grain economy and grain market in Russia is negatively influenced by inadequate management system of AIC, indistinct contribution of functions at the federal level and interconnection of federal and regional authorities. State program of agricultural development and regulation of agricultural markets, raw and food on 2013-2020 determines the perspectives of development of grain economy, being the basic tool of adaptation to WTO regulations and the basic factor of increasing competitiveness of Russian grain at domestic and foreign markets. Ensuring the dynamic development of grain market in Russia involves a lot of macroeconomic, nature-climatic, agro ecological, trade-economic and political risks. The main tasks to ensure the dynamic devel-opment include making a legislative framework, expansion of production scale, increase of productivity, increase of grain quality and products of its processing, innovative development of the branch and increase of competitiveness of Russian grain. Grain economy is still one of a few branches of grain productive complex, which doesn’t have its own program of development which negatively influences on functioning of grain market. Market development is impossible without dynamic growth of production and increase of grain quality, optimization of its territorial structure taking into consideration competitive advantages of every region.