The study of extrusive processing effect of grain heap of wheat of early maturity stages on quality indicators

Extrusion is a critical process in the processing of plant-based raw materials into high-value feed. Extrusion increases protein digestibility, improves organoleptic properties, and disinfects the raw material. However, high temperatures can negatively impact the amount of protein and proteinogenic amino acids. The purpose of the current work was to study the effect of extrusion on the nutritional value of wheat grain harvested at the early stages of maturity. There has been found that extrusion processing resulted in a slight decrease in crude protein percentage (from 14.86% to 13.00%, i.e. by 1.86%). The analysis of the amino acid content in the studied samples has identified varying degrees of their thermal stability with the greatest losses of phenylalanine (43.7%), histidine (58.9%) and proline (48.4%), but an insignificant change of threonine, serine, and lysine (lysine losses were 6.11%). Despite the decrease in absolute protein content, its in vitro digestibility increased from 58.7% to 74.9%, which is by 16.2% more than the basic values. These data are consistent with the results of international study on plant material’s extrusion. There has been also established an improvement in the physical and mechanical properties of the extrudate, since it acquires a more brittle structure, which facilitates subsequent grinding and improves the homogeneity of the granulometric composition due to the partial destruction of fiber. The use of extruded grain heap of wheat of early maturity stages in the diets of farm animals allows increasing bioavailability of nutrients (by 16.2%), which contributes to an increase in animal productivity and a reduction in feed costs.

1. Akulov V. I., Vorob’ev A. L., Antyuhov V. M., Vidov P. O. Optimizaciya receptury ekstrudirovannyh kombikormov dlya krupnogo rogatogo skota [Optimization of extruded cattle feed formulas] // Effektivnoe zhivotnovodstvo. 2021. №7 (173). S. 42–45.DOI: 10.24412/cl-33489-2021-7-42-45

2. Bazylev M. V., Bukas V. V., Levkin E. A. Effektivnost’ proizvodstva svininy na promyshlennoj osnove za schet intensifikacii kormleniya svinej [Efficiency of industrial pork production through intensified pig feeding] // Aktual’nye problemy intensivnogo razvitiya zhivotnovodstva. 2012. №15 (1). S. 38–44

3. Muhramova A. A., Asylbekova S. ZH., Sidorova V. I., Sambetbaev A. A., Isbekov K. B. Startovyj kombikorm dlya clarias gariepinus, razrabotannyj v Kazahstane: receptura, pokazateli kachestva i effektivnost’ v akvakul’ture [Starter feed for clarias gariepinus developed in Kazakhstan: formulas, quality indicators, and efficiency in aquaculture] // Sel’skohozyajstvennaya biologiya. 2022. №4 (57). S. 791–802.DOI: 10.15389/agrobiology.2022.4.791rus

4. Ponomarev S. V., Grozesku YU. N., Bahareva A. A. Industrial’noe rybovodstvo: uchebnik. [Industrial pisciculture] 2-e izd., ispr. i dop. Sankt-Peterburg : Lan’, 2022. 448 s. ISBN 978-5-8114-1367-6. Тekst : elektronnyj // Lan› : elektronnobibliotechnaya sistema. URL: https://e.lanbook.com/book/211118 (data obrashcheniya: 14.01.2026). Rezhim dostupa: dlya avtoriz. pol›zovatelej

5. Meskhi B., Pakhomov V., Rudoy D., Maltseva T., Olshevskaya A., Mazanko M. Early maturity wheat as a highly valuable feed raw material with prebiotic activity // Agriculture. 2025. Vol. 15. № 3. Article number: 317. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture15030317

6. Meskhi B.CH., Pahomov V.I., Kambulov S.I., Rudoj D.V., Mal›ceva T.A., Panfilov I.A. Ochyosyvayushchee ustrojstvo dlya uborki zernovyh kul›tur [Stripper for harvesting grain crops] // Patent na poleznuyu model›, RU 233080 U1, 03.04.2025, Rossiya, MPK A01D 41/08, A01D 41/12; zayavl. 04.12.2024, opubl. 03.04.2025. Zayavitel› FGBOU VO DGTU

7. Slezko E. I., Gaponova V. E. Vliyanie processa ekstrudirovaniya na pitatel›nye kachestva korma [The effect of extrusion on feed nutrition] // Tekhnika i tekhnologii v zhivotnovodstve. 2021. №1 (41). S. 66–70.DOI: 10.51794/27132064-2021-1-66

8. Antimonov S. V., Solovyh S. YU., Kishkilev S. V. Issledovaniya po vliyaniyu ekstrudirovannogo kombikorma, poluchennogo s primeneniem predvaritel›no ohlazhdennogo izmel›chennogo zerna, na prirost zhivoj massy porosyat [The study of the effect of extruded mixed feed obtained using pre-cooled grinded grain on live weight increase in piglets] // MNIZH. 2023. №1 (127). S. 1–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23670/IRJ.2023.127.86

9. Velikanov V. V., Sologub R. M., Marusich A. G. Vliyanie kombikorma s vklyucheniem zerna ozimoj rzhi s razlichnymi vidami ego obrabotki na fiziologicheskoe sostoyanie i obmen veshchestv laktiruyushchih korov [The effect of mixed feed including winter rye with various processing methods on the physiological condition and metabolism of lactating cows] // Aktual›nye problemy intensivnogo razvitiya zhivotnovodstva. 2025. №28–2. S. 156–165

10. Nesteruk, E. V. Vliyanie suspenzii hlorelly na dinamiku zhivoj massy tela i gematologicheskie pokazateli krovi u gomojotermnyh zhivotnyh [The effect of chlorella suspension on live weight dynamics and hematological parameters in homeothermic animals] // ZHivotnovodstvo i veterinarnaya medicina. 2022. №2. S. 32–37

11. Roshchin V. I., YUrina N. A., Mikson D. S., Korotkij V. P., Ryzhov V. A. Ekstraktivnye veshchestva hvojnoj kormovoj fitodobavki i ih vliyanie na produktivnost› sel›skohozyajstvennyh zhivotnyh pri stressah [Extractive substances of coniferous feed phytoadditive and their effect on livestock productivity under stress] // Izvestiya Sankt-Peterburgskoj lesotekhnicheskoj akademii. 2024. Vyp. 250. S. 366–382. DOI: 10.21266/2079-4304.2024.250.366-382

12. Peñaranda I., Garrido M. D., García-Segovia P., Martínez-Monzó J., Igual M. Effect of protein texturization on amino acids and protein in vitro bioaccessibility of pea and rice protein // Food and Function. 2025. №16. P. 1820-1829. DOI: 10.1039/D4FO04829F