Features of ontogenesis and productivity formation of Carthamus tinctorius L. depending on sowing time

The current study was conducted to examine the effect of sowing time on productivity of Carthamus tinctorius L. (safflower) in a zone of unstable moisture on low-humus southern chernozem on yellow-brown loess-like light clays in the arid conditions of the Crimean steppe zone between 2022 and 2024. A single-factor field trial has found that sprouts of the studied crop emerged, on average, in 13–26 days. The period ‘sprouts-bud formation’ ranged from 44 to 70 days, and the vegetation period during the third sowing time was 14–25 days shorter than during the first and second sowing time. The duration of the interphase periods varied greatly from year to year due to contrasting weather conditions. Late sowing, compared to early sowing, reduced the number of heads per plant by 16 %, including 24 % of productive heads, seed weight per head by 7 %, and the number of branches per plant by 5 %. The large-sized seeds, on average in the trial, formed during the third sowing time (40.8 g). Sowing time influenced on seed productivity and quality, as well as on economic efficiency of safflower cultivation, significantly reducing them with mid- and late sowing. Thus, during the years of study, the most optimal sowing time for safflower were early and mid-season, since the yields were 14.1 and 12.2 hwt per hectare, with production profitability levels of 89.5 and 64.0 %, respectively. Differences in seed oil content were insignificant, but there was a tendency for this indicator to increase at early sowing. The largest oil yield (3.89 centners per hectare) was recorded at early sowing due to the larger productivity.

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