Productivity and adaptability of winter common wheat varieties of different breeding periods

The current study was conducted at the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy” (south of the Rostov region) in 2020-2024. The purpose was to analyze productive and adaptive potential of modern winter common wheat varieties in comparison with varieties of previous years (stages) of breeding. In addition, there have been envisaged to identify the nature of changes in adaptive properties during the breeding process (according to adaptability parameters); to determine the most dynamic of them for the evaluation of breeding material; to give recommendations for the practical use of varieties based on the data obtained. The objects of the study were 20 winter common wheat varieties included in the Russian State Register and used in agricultural production from 1981 to 2025, divided into five breeding periods. There have been presented the results of a comparative analysis of productivity, adaptability, and plasticity indicators through the breeding periods. There has been established a consistent productivity increase from period to period. Compared to the variety Donskaya bezostaya (period I), the average productivity of modern varieties bred in period V (2020-2025) improved by 2.13 t/ha or 26.1%, the maximum productivity by 3.87 t/ha (43.6%), and the minimum productivity by 0.53 t/ha (7.2%). There has been identified the nature of changes in adaptability indicators in the course of breeding work. According to the parameters of stress resistance, variability, homeostasis, and stability factor, there has been established a tendency of their decrease in the process of breeding. According to the indicators of genetic flexibility, ecological adaptability and stability, and the adaptation coefficient, there has been found a tendency of increase with the maximum expression of the value in modern varieties. Based on a comprehensive rating evaluation of the studied varieties according to productivity and adaptability, there have been identified such best varieties as Vasilich, Aksiniya, Priazovie, Marafon, Donskaya step’, Rubin Dona with a combination of stable productivity, regardless of stress conditions, and basic adaptive properties.   

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